SpringerLink
Log in

The eminence of nutrition in periodontal health and therapy—a review

  • Review
  • Published:
Nutrire Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Periodontal disease is one of the most common diseases of the oral cavity, which occurs as the result of infection and inflammation of the gingiva and the alveolar bone induced by microbial colonization, resulting in the destruction of the tooth-supporting structures. It is influenced by a number of factors, wherein nutrition plays an important role. The availability of an appropriate source of nutrients for the host determines the viability of the periodontal tissues in both health and illness. Nutrition is potentially a modifiable risk factor that may contribute to or mitigate the underlying oxidative stress in periodontitis. Diet enriched with macro- and micro-nutrients has a positive effect on the healing of the periodontal tissues after surgery, periodontal regeneration, and immune modulation. The deficiency of any of these nutrients in our daily lives might have a detrimental effect on the health of periodontal tissues and aggravate periodontitis brought on by other systemic diseases like diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review is to acquaint the importance of nutrition over long-term maintenance of periodontal health and its key role in periodontal healing after therapy. The therapeutic implications of nutrition for patients receiving various types of periodontal therapy and the dietary modulation impacting immunological functions have also been addressed in this review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

RDA:

Recommended Dietary Allowances

ICMR:

Indian Council of Medical Research

NIN:

National Institute of Nutrition

g/d:

Grams per day

mg/d:

Milligram per day

µg/d:

Micrograms per day

IU:

International units

BMD:

Bone mineral density

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

ANUG:

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

CoQ10:

Coenzyme Q10

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

References

  1. Romito LM. Introduction to nutrition and oral health. Dent Clin N Am. 2003;47:187–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Woelber JP, Tennert C. Chapter 13: diet and periodontal diseases. Monogr Oral Sci. 2020;28:125–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chapple IL. Potential mechanisms underpinning the nutritional modulation of periodontal inflammation. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140(2):178–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kato I, Vasquez A, Moyerbrailean G, Land S, Djuric Z, Sun J, Lin H-S, Ram JL. Nutritional correlates of human oral microbiome. J Am Coll Nutr. 2017;36:88–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Enwonwu co. Cellular and molecular effects of malnutrition and their relevance to periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontal. 1994;21:643–657.

  6. Moynihan P. The interrelationship between diet and oral health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005;64(4):571–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Berry WTC. Mastication, food and nutrition. Dent Pract. 1972;22:249–53.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Heath MR. Dietary selection by elderly persons, related to dental state. Br Dent J. 1972;132:145–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ettinger R. Diet, nutrition and masticatory ability in a group of elderly edentulous patients. Aust Dent J. 1973;18:12–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Osterberg T, Steen B. Relationship between dental state and dietary intake in 70-year old males and females in Goteborg Sweden: a population study. J Oral Rehabil. 1982;9:509–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Goodson JM. Clinical parameters as predictors of destructive periodontal disease activity. J Clin Periodontol. 1983;10:257–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Milward MR, Chapple IL. The role of diet in periodontal disease. Clinical Dental Health. 2013;52:18–21.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Keukenmeester R, Slot D, Rosema N, Van Loveren C, Van der Weijden G. Effects of sugar-free chewing gum sweetened with xylitol or maltitol on the development of gingivitis and plaque: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Dental Hygiene. 2014;12:238–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Neiva RF, Steigenga J, Al-Shammari KF, Wang H-L. Effects of specific nutrients on periodontal disease onset, progression and treatment. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30:579–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Boyle PE. Effects of vitamin A deficiency on the periodontal tissues. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1947;33(10):744–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bashutski JD, Eber RM, Kinney JS, Benavides E, Maitra S, Braun TM, Giannobile WV, McCauley LK. The impact of vitamin D status on periodontal surgery outcomes. J Dent Res. 2011;90:1007–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Hathaway WE. Vitamin K deficiency. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993;24:5–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Singh N, ChanderNarula S, Kumar Sharma R, Tewari S, Kumar SP. Vitamin E supplementation, superoxide dismutase status, and outcome of scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2014;85(2):242–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dr. Sonali Sarkar1, Dr. Dhirendra Kumar Singh2, Dr. Md. Jalaluddin. Impact of nutrition on periodontal health: the victuals and periodontium. Int J Innov Res Technol Sci. 2021;7(11):2349–6002.

  20. Li X, Tang L, Lin YF, **e GF. Role of vitamin C in wound healing after dental implant surgery in patients treated with bone grafts and patients with chronic periodontitis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2018;20:793–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Willershausen B, Ross A, Försch M, Willershausen I, Mohaupt P, Callaway A. The influence of micronutrients on oral and general health. Eur J Med Res. 2011;10:514–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Vogel RI, Fink RA, Schneider LC, Frank O, Baker H. The effect of folic acid on gingival health. J Periodontol. 1976;47(11):667–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. O’Leary F, Samman S. Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients. 2010;2(3):299–316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Manthena S, Rao MV, Penubolu LP, Putcha M, Harsha AV. Effectiveness of CoQ10 oral supplements as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in improving periodontal health. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(8):ZC26-8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Stahl W, Junghans A, de Boer B, Driomina ES, Briviba K, Sies H. Carotenoid mixtures protect multilamellar liposomes against oxidative damage: synergistic effects of lycopene and lutein. FEBS Lett. 1998;427(2):305–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Patel MD, Shakir QJ, Shetty A. Interrelationship between chronic periodontitis and anemia: A 6-month follow-up study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2014;18(1):19–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Orbak R, Kara C, Ozbek E, Tezel A, Demir T. Effects of zinc deficiency on oral and periodontal diseases in rats. J Periodontal Res. 2007;42(2):138–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gaur S, Agnihotri R. Trace mineral micronutrients and chronic periodontitis-a review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2017;176(2):225–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Moynihan PJ. The relationship between nutrition and systemic and oral well-being in older people. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138:493–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Diet and nutritional status of population and prevalence of hypertension among adults in rural areas. NNMB Technical Report No: 24, NNMB, NIN,ICMR, Hyderabad-2006

  31. Priyadharshini RS, Vijayalakshmi R, Ambalavanan N, Ramakrishnan T, Logaranjani A. Nutrigenomics in periodontics – an overview. Int J Curr Res Rev. 2016;8:31–5.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Periodontology, Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Chengalpattu District, 603103, Chennai City, Tamil Nadu, India

    Agila Elumalai, C. Cynthia Leslie, V. Anitha, Ashwath Balachandran & Shanmugam Muthukali

Authors
  1. Agila Elumalai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Cynthia Leslie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. Anitha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ashwath Balachandran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shanmugam Muthukali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All the authors have equal contributions in bringing out this manuscript. AE and CLC contributed to literature search and data extraction and drafted the manuscript. AV, AB and SM contributed to scientific discussion of the data and revision of manuscript. All authors have read and have approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Agila Elumalai.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Elumalai, A., Leslie, C.C., Anitha, V. et al. The eminence of nutrition in periodontal health and therapy—a review. Nutrire 49, 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41110-023-00246-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41110-023-00246-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation