Abstract
Background
White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral disease that affects most of the commercially important shrimps and causes serious economic losses to the shrimp farming industry worldwide. However, little information is available in terms of the molecular mechanisms of the host-virus interaction. In this study, we used an expressed sequence tag (EST) approach to observe global gene expression changes in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-infected postlarvae of Penaeus monodon.
Results
Sequencing of the complementary DNA clones of two libraries constructed from normal and WSSV-infected postlarvae produced a total of 15,981 high-quality ESTs. Of these ESTs, 46% were successfully matched against annotated genes in National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant (nr) database and 44% were functionally classified using the Gene Ontology (GO) scheme. Comparative EST analyses suggested that, in postlarval shrimp, WSSV infection strongly modulates the gene expression patterns in several organs or tissues, including the hepatopancreas, muscle, eyestalk and cuticle. Our data suggest that several basic cellular metabolic processes are likely to be affected, including oxidative phosphorylation, protein synthesis, the glycolytic pathway, and calcium ion balance. A group of immune-related chitin-binding protein genes is also likely to be strongly up regulated after WSSV infection. A database containing all the sequence data and analysis results is accessible at http://xbio.lifescience.ntu.edu.tw/pm/.
Conclusion
This study suggests that WSSV infection modulates expression of various kinds of genes. The predicted gene expression pattern changes not only reflect the possible responses of shrimp to the virus infection but also suggest how WSSV subverts cellular functions for virus multiplication. In addition, the ESTs reported in this study provide a rich source for identification of novel genes in shrimp.
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Background
White spot syndrome (WSS) is a highly contagious viral disease of penaeid shrimp. The cumulative mortality of diseased shrimp can reach 100% within 3–10 days. Since its first outbreak in 1993, WSS has caused serious economic losses to the shrimp farming industry worldwide. The causative agent, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is an enveloped, non-occluded, rod-shaped virus that contains a circular, double-stranded DNA of about 300 kb. This virus has an extremely wide range of potential hosts, infecting not only shrimps, but also other decapods [1, 2]. WSSV infects most shrimp tissues and organs, and it replicates in the nuclei of infected cells. At the late stage of infection, either the nucleus or the whole cell disintegrates, leading to loss of cellular architecture. Both genomic and proteomic approaches have revealed the unique characteristics of the virus, and the virus has been erected as the type species of the new family of Nimaviridae [3–5].
Due to its serious impact on shrimp aquaculture, there is an urgent need to understand WSSV and to unveil the underlying mechanisms involved in WSSV pathogenesis in shrimp. Although considerable progress has been made in characterizing the virus, information on the host genes involved in WSSV pathogenesis is limited. To identify these host genes, one strategy is to isolate genes that are differentially expressed after WSSV infection. To that purpose, a variety of different approaches have been used, including an mRNA differential display technique [6], suppression subtractive hybridization [7], SSH and differential hybridization [8], cDNA microarrays [9, Functional annotation Putative functions of the unique sequences were discovered by using BlastX to translate each nucleotide query sequence into all reading frames and then searching for matches in the NCBI non-redundant database. Significant hits (with E value < 10-10) in the NCBI nr database were followed up with protein function searches in the UniProt database [70], which provides value-added information reports for protein functions. The UniProt reports consist of Gene Ontology (GO) annotations that classify proteins by biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Each unique sequence was tentatively assigned GO classification based on annotation of the single "best hit" match in UniProt. These data were then used to classify the corresponding genes according to their GO functions. The unique sequences were considered to have increased abundance if they had a significantly greater number of hits (ie. more ESTs) in the WSSV-infected library compared to the normal library. Conversely, unique sequences were considered to have decreased abundance if they had significantly more hits in the normal library. The statistical significance of homologous ESTs with differential abundance was determined using Fisher's exact test [71–73], which is widely used to evaluate 2 × 2 contingency tables. Fisher's exact test produces a significance value P ranging between 0 and 1, where a value close to 0 implies that there is a significant differential abundance of the gene or the annotated function between the normal and infected libraries. The significance of differential abundance genes with a P value smaller than 0.001 was considered "very strong". P values between 0.001 and 0.01, and between 0.01 and 0.05 were considered "strong" and "moderate", respectively.Expression analysis and statistical evaluation of EST occurrence
Availability and requirements
Project name: Penaeus monodon Functional Genomics Database
Project home page: http://xbio.lifescience.ntu.edu.tw/pm/
Operating system: Platform independent
Programming language:PHP
Abbreviations
- WSSV:
-
white spot syndrome virus
- HP:
-
hepatopancreas
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Acknowledgements
This investigation was supported financially by the National Science Council grants (NSC94-2317-B-002-022, NSC95-2317-B-002-009 and NSC95-2317-B-002-010) and the National Science and Technology Program for Agricultural Biotechnology from Council of Agriculture (95AS-6.2.1-ST-a1-23). We are indebted to Paul Barlow for his helpful criticism.
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JHL extracted RNAs from shrimps, and constructed the cDNA library. IH and TA carried out the sequence analysis. CCC, CWH and HCH carried out the sequence analysis, functional annotation, and expression analysis. CFL and GHK conceived and directed the project. CFL and HCH designed the study. JHL, JLW, CCC, HFJ, and HCH drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Jiann-Horng Leu, Chih-Chin Chang contributed equally to this work.
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Leu, JH., Chang, CC., Wu, JL. et al. Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes in normal and white spot syndrome virus infected Penaeus monodon. BMC Genomics 8, 120 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-8-120
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-8-120