SpringerLink
Log in

Promising Markers of Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia

  • REVIEW ARTICLES
  • Published:
Neurochemical Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract—There is no single model for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, but neuroinflammation is considered a key mechanism in the development of this disease. The aim of our study was to analyze and summarize the literature data on the role of neuroinflammation markers in schizophrenia. We used the keywords “neuroinflammation,” “cytokines,” “chemokines,” “microcirculation,” “microglia,” “neurodestruction,” and “schizophrenia” to search for the articles published in 1990–2023 in the PubMed and e-Library.ru databases. The review discusses an integrated approach to the concept of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia with regard to known and promising markers. Studies, including those of the authors of the article, indicate a significant role of microcirculation disorders and endothelial dysfunction, cytokines and chemokines, and neurodestruction in the mechanisms of development and course of schizophrenia. The presented results require more detailed studies to establish new neurobiological and pathogenetic functions of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.

REFERENCES

  1. Galkin, S.A., Levchuk, L.A., Simutkin, G.G., Ivanova, S.A., and Bokhan, N.A., Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2023, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 82–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Troubat, R., Barone, P., Leman, S., Cressant, A., Atanasova, B., Brizard, B., El Hage, W., Surget, A., Belzung, C., and Vincent, CamusV., Eur. J. Neurosci, 2021, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 151–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Klyushnik, T.P., Zozulya, A., and Oleichik, I.V., Biologicheskie markery shizofrenii: poisk i klinicheskoe primenenie, Novosibirsk: SO RAN, 2017, pp. 34–46.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Klyushnik, T.P., Sbornik materialov konferentsii “Psikhicheskoe zdorov’e cheloveka i obshchestva. Aktual’nye mezhdistsiplinarnye problemy,” 2018, pp. 393–400.

  5. Parshina, A.Yu., Podsevatkin, V.G., Kiryukhina, S.V., Labunskii, D.A., and Yurasova, E.Yu., Materialy vserossiiskoi s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem nauchnoi konferentsii “Ogorevskie chteniya,” 2022, pp. 336–345.

  6. Dunn, G.A., Loftis, J.M., and Sullivan, E.L., Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2020, vol. 196, p. 172981.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Vallee, A., Int. J. Mol. Sci, 2022, vol. 23, no. 5, P. 2810.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Yuan, N., Chen, Y., **a, Y., Dai, J., and Liu, C., Transl. Psychiatry, 2019, vol. 9, no. 1, P. 233.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Najjar, S., Steiner, J., Najjar, A., and Bechter, K., J. Neuroinflammation, 2018, vol. 13, no. 1, P. 40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Klyushnik, T.P., Smulevich, A.B., Zozulya, S.A., Bori-sova, P.O., and Lobanova, V.M., Psikhiatriya, 2022, vol. 20, no. 1. pp. 17–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Klyushnik, T.P., Smulevich, A.B., Zozulya, S.A., Romanov, D.V., and Lobanova, V.M., Psikhiatriya, 2023, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 6–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Zozulya, S.A., Sizov, S.V., Oleichik, I.V., and Klyushnik, T.P., Sotsial’naya i Klinicheskaya Psikhiatriya, 2019, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 5–13.

  13. Klyushnik, T.P., Androsova, L.V., Zozulya, S.A., Otman, I.N., Nikitina, V.B., and Vetlugina, T.P., Sibirskii Vestnik Psikhiatrii i Narkologii, 2018, no. 2 (99), pp. 64–69.

  14. Malashenkova, I.K., Ushakov, V.L., Zakharova, N.V., Krynskii, S.A., Ogurtsov, D.P., Khailov, N.A., Chekulaeva, E.I., Ratushnyi, A.Yu., Kartashev, S.I., Kostyuk, G.P., and Didkovskii, N.A., Sovremennye Tekhnologii v Meditsine, 2022, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 24–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Miller, B.J. and Goldsmith, D.R., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2017, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 299–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Baturina, M.V., Boev, O.I., Beier, E.V., Yarovitskii, V.B., Kharitonova, Ya.P., and Baturin, V.A., Zabaikal’skii Meditsinskii Vestnik, 2023, no. 1, pp. 10–16.

  17. Laursen, T.M., Nordentoft, M., and Mortensen, P.B., Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol, 2014, vol. 10, pp. 425–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Corsi-Zuelli, F.M.D.G., Brognara, F., Quirino, G.F.D.S., Hiroki, C.H., Fais, R.S., Del-Ben, C.M., Ulloa, L., Salgado, H.C., Kanashiro, A., and Loureiro, C.M., Front. Immunol., 2017, vol. 8, p. 618.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Shmakova, A.A., Semina, E.V., Neifel’d, E.A., Tsygankov, B.D., and Karagyaur, M.N., Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2023, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 26–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Orlova, V.A., Rossiiskii Psikhiatricheskii Zhurnal, 2003, no. 1, pp. 31–35.

  21. Karlson, A. and Lekrub’r’er, I., Progress dofaminovoi teorii shizofrenii: spravochnoe posobie dlya vrachei. Shvetsiya, 2003, P. 104.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Malashenkova, I.K., Krynskii, S.A., Ogurtsov, D.P., Mamoshina, M.V., and Zakharova, N.V., Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2018, vol. 118, no. 12, pp. 72–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shmukler, A.B., Shizofreniya (Schizophrenia), Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kostyukova, A.B., and Mosolov, S.N., Sovremennaya Terapiya Psikhicheskikh Rasstroistv, 2013, no. 4, pp. 8–17.

  25. Ushakov, V.L., Sharaev, M.G., Malashenkova, I.K., Krynskiy, S.A., Kartashov, S.I., Orlov, V.A., Malakhov, D.G., Hailov, N.A., Ogurtsov, D.P., Zakharova, N.V., Didkovsky, N.A., Maslennikova, A.V., Arkhipov, A.Yu., Strelets, V.B., Arsalidou, M., Velichkovsky, B.M., and Kostyuk, G.P., Procedia. Comput. Sci., 2018, vol. 145, pp. 596–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Khandaker, G.M., Dantzer, R., and Jones, P.B., Psychol. Med., 2017, vol. 47, no. 13, pp. 2229–2237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Smith, R.S., Med. Hypotheses, 1992, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 248–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nikkila, H.V., Muller, K., Ahokas, A., Miettinen, K., Rimon, R., and Andersson, L., J. Psychiatry, 1999, vol. 156, no. 11, pp. 1725–1729.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Monji, A., Kato, T., and Kanba, S., Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2009, vol. 63, pp. 257–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hafizi, S., Tseng, H.H., Rao, N., Selvanathan, T., Kenk, M., Bazinet, R., Suridjan, I., Wilson, A., Meyer, J., Remington, G., Houle, S., Rusjan, P., and Mizrahi, R., Am. J. Psychiatry, 2017, vol. 174, no. 2, pp. 118–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Takahashi, V., Yu, Z., Sakai, M., and Tomita, H., Front. Cell. Neurosci., 2016, vol. 10, p. 144.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Vasil’eva, E.F. and Brusov, O.S, Psikhiatriya, 2020, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 76–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Golimbet, V.E., Shcherbatykh, T.V., and Abramova, Z.I., Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2000, vol. 101, no. 10, pp. 40–41.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Golimbet, V.E., Mityushina, Z.G., and Nosikov, V.V., Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2001, vol. 101, no. 54, pp. 48–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Berezovskaya, M.A., Sibirskii Vestnik Psikhiatrii i Narkologii, 2011, no. 4, pp. 119–120.

  36. Theodoropoulou, S., Spanakos, G., Baxevanis, C.N., Economou, M., Gritzapis, A.D., Papamichail, M.P., and Stefanis, C.N., Schizophr. Res., 2001, vol. 479, no. 1, pp. 13–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Neugebauer, K., Hammans, C., Wensing, T., Kumar, V., Grodd, W., Mevissen, L., Sternkopf, M.A., Novako-vic, A., Abel, T., Habel, U., and Nickl-Jockschat, T., Front. Psychiatry, 2019, vol. 10, p. 275.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Vasil’eva, A.I. and Govorin, N.V., Zabaikal’skii Meditsinskii Vestnik, 2011, no. 1, pp. 26–32.

  39. Ryazantseva, N.V. and Novitskii, V.V., Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2002, no. 6, pp. 36–42.

  40. Lukash, A.I., Zaika, V.G., and Kucherenko, A.S., Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2002, no. 9, pp. 41–43.

  41. Rachkauskas, G.S., Khar’kov; Lugansk: Elton-2, 2004, P. 432.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Rachkauskas, G.S., Radionova, S.I., and Pashchenko, O.S., Zhurnal Psikhiatrii i Meditsinskoi Psikhologii, 2017, no. 3, pp. 14–20.

  43. Okada, F., Tokumitsu, Y., Hoshi, Y., and Tamura, M., European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 1994, vol. 244, no. 1, pp. 17–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Berrocal-Izquierdo, N., Bioque, M., and Bernardo, M., Psychopharmacology, 2017, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 80–86.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Smirnov, V.K., Mikrotsirkulyatsiya v patogeneze i klinike shizofrenii s raznymi formami techeniya, M.: 2001, p. 151.

  46. Al’tman, A.L., Problema vyzdorovleniya i kompensatsii pri shizofrenii. M.: Meditsina, 2013, p. 128.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Israel, A.K., Seeck, A., Boettger, M.K., Rachow, T., Berger, S., Voss, A., and Bar, K.J., Schizophrenia Researc., vol. 128, nos. 1–3, pp. 44–50.

  48. Sakharov, A.V. Ozornin, A.S., Golygina, S.E., Vinogradova, A.O., and Shvets, M.S., Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2018, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 74–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Aboul-Fotouh, S. and Elgayar, N., Physiol. Pharmacol., 2013, vol. 91, no. 12, pp. 1119–1126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Vasina, L.V. Petrishchev, N.N., and Vlasov, T.D., Regionarnoe Krovoobrashchenie i Mikrotsirkulyatsiya, 2017, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 4–15.

  51. Burghardt, K., Grove, T., and Ellingrod, V., Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2014, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 349–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Iwata, Y., Suzuki, K., Nakamura, K., and Matsuzaki, H., Schizophr. Res, 2007, vol. 89, nos. 1–3, pp. 154–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kozlovskii, V.L., Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya, 1990, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 7–13.

  54. Sakharov, A.V., Mynduskin, I.V., and Tereshkov, P.P., Sibirskii Vestnik Psikhiatrii i Narkologii, 2020, vol. 4, pp. 15–20.

  55. Nilupul, PereraM., Ma, H.K., Arakawa, S., Howells, D.W., Markus, R., Rowe, C.C., and Donnan, G.A., J. Clin. Neurosci., 2006, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Minami, M. and Satoh, M., Life Sci., 2003, vol. 74, nos. 2–3, pp. 321–327.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Simi, A., Tsakiri, N., Wang, P., and Rothwell, N.J., Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2007, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1122–1126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Szelenyi, J. and Vizi, E., Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2007, vol. 1113.

  59. Kirkpatrick, B. and Miller, B.J., Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2013, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1174–1179.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Sansonetti, P.J., Nature Immunology, 2006, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1237–1242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Mednova, I.A., Boiko, A.S., Kornetova, E.G., Semke, A.V., Bokhan, N.A., and Ivanova, S.A., Life, 2022, no. 12, p. 1972.

  62. Lee, B.H. and Kim, Y.K., Neuropsychobiology, 2009, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 51–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Misiak, B., Staczykiewicz, B., Kotowicz, K., Rybakowski, J., Samochowiec, J., and Frydecka, D., Schizophr. Res., 2018, vol. 192, pp. 16–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sommer, I.E., Westrhenen, R., Begemann, M.J., Witte, L., Leucht, S., and Kahn, R., Schizophr. Bull., 2014, vol. 40, pp. 181–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Yakushenko, E.V., Lopatnikova, Yu.A., and Sennikov, S.V., Meditsinskaya Immunologiya, 2005, no. 7, pp. 355–364.

  66. Voronina, E.V., Lobanova, N.V., Yakhin, I.R., Romanova, N.A., and Seregin, Yu.A., Meditsinskaya Immunologiya, 2018, pp. 20, pp. 797–806.

  67. Puren, A.J., Fantuzzi, G., Gu, Y., Su, M.S., and Dinarello, C.A., J. Clin. Invest., 1998, vol. 101, p. 71121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Mynduskin, I.V., Sakharov, A.V., Tereshkov, P.P., and Golygina, S.E., Psikhicheskoe Zdorov’e, 2022, vol. 17, no. 22, pp. 20–25.

  69. Bajetto, A., Bonavia, R., Barbero, S., and Schettini, G., Journal of Neurochemistry, 2002, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 1311–1329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Quandt, J. and Dorovini-Zis, K., J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2004, vol. 63, pp. 350–362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Dimitrijevic, O.B., Stamatovic, S.M., Keep, R.F., and Andjelkovic, A.V., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 2006, vol. 26, pp. 797–810.

  72. Jaerve, A. and Muller, H.W., Cell Tissue Res., 2012, vol. 349, pp. 229–248.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kettenmann, H., Kirchhoff, F., and Verkhratsky, A., Neuron, 2013, vol. 77, pp. 10–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Biber, K., Neumann, H., Inoue, K., and Boddeke, H., Trends Neurosci., 2007, vol. 30, pp. 596–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Tran, P.B., Banisadr, G., Ren, D., Chenn, A., and Miller, R.J., J. Comp. Neurol., 2007, vol. 500, pp. 1007–1033.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Miller, R.J., Rostene, W., Apartis, E., Banisadr, G., Biber, K., Milligan, E.D., White, F.A., and Zhang, J.J., J. Neurosci., 2008, vol. 28, pp. 11792–11795.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Rostene, W., Kitabgi, P., and Parsadaniantz, S.M., Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2007, vol. 8, pp. 895–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. van Kemenade, B.M., Van der Aa, L.M., and Chadzinska, M., Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 2013, vol. 188, pp. 94–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Stuart, M.J., Singhal, G., and Baune, B.T., Front Cell. Neuroscience, 2015, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 357–383.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Ermakov, A., Mednova, A., Boiko, A.S., Buneva, V.N., and Ivanova, S.A., Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2023, vol. 22.

  81. Stuart, MJ. and Baune, B.T., Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2014, vol. 42, pp. 93–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hong, S., Lee, E.E., Martin, A.S., Soontornniyomkij, B., Soontornniyomkij, V., Achim, C.L., Reuter, C., Irwin, M.R., Eyler, L.T., and Jeste, D.V., Schizophr. Res., 2017, vol. 181, pp. 63–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Klaus, F., Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2021, vol. 138, pp. 139–145.

  84. Lin, Y., Shanghai: Arch. Psychiatry, 2017, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 287–294

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Semple, B.D., Kossmann, T., and Morganti-Kossmann, M.C., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 2010, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 459–473.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Jarnagin, K., Grunberger, D., Mulkins, M., Wong, B., Hemmerich, S., Paavola, C., Bloom, A., Bhakta, S., Diehl, F., Freedman, R., McCarley, D., Polsky, I., **-Tsou, A., Kosaka, A., and Handel, T.M., Biochemistry, 1999, vol. 38, no. 49, pp. 16167–16177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Guyon, A., Skrzydelski, D., De Giry, I., Rovere, C., Conductier, G., Trocello, J.M., Dauge, V., Kitabgi, P., Rostene, W., and Nahon, J.L., Melik parsadaniantz, S., Neuroscience, 2009, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 1072–1080.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Sakharov, A.V., Mynduskin, I.V., Tereshkov, P.P., Ozornin, A.S., and Golygina, S.E., Rossiiskii Psikhiatricheskii Zhurnal, 2021, no. 4, pp. 61–67.

  89. Bystry, R.S., Aluvihare, V., Welch, K.A., Kallikourdis, M., and Betz, A.G., Nature Immunology, 2001, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 1126–1132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Harrison, S., Thumm, L., Nash, T.E., Nutman, T.B., and O’Connell, E.M., Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2021, vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 326–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Warren, K.J. and Wyatt, T.A., J. Vis. Exp., 2019, vol. 151, p. 60060.

  92. Marro, B.S., Grist, J.J., and Lane, T.E., J. Immunol., 2016, vol. 196, pp. 1855–1864.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Wu, F., Zhao, Y., and Jiao, T., J. Neuroinflammation, 2015, vol. 12, p. 98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Xu, L., Qi, X., Zhu, C., and Wan, L., Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2018, vol. 14, pp. 3393–3403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Ushakov, V.L., Malashenkova, I.K., Kostyuk, G.P., Zakharova, N.V., Krynskii, S.A., Kartashov, S.I., Ogurtsov, D.P., Bravve, L.V., Kaidan, M.A., Khailov, N.A., Chekulaeva, E.I., and Didkovskii, N.A., Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 2020, vol. 120, no. 11, pp. 70–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. **a, M.Q., Bacskai, B.J., Knowles, R.B., Qin, S.X., and Hyman, B.T., J. Neuroimmunol., 2000, vol. 108, nos. 1–2, pp. 227–235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Muller, M., Carter, S., and Hofer, M.J., Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 2010, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 368–387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Salmaggi, A., Gelati, M., and Dufour, A., J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 2002, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 631–640.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Sui, Y., Stehno-Bittel, L., and Li, S., Eur. J. Neurosci., 2006, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 957–964.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Li, H., Gang, Z., and Yuling, H., J. Immunol., 2006, vol. 177, no. 6, pp. 3644–3656.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Prokhorov, A.S., Sakharov, A.V., and Golygina, S.E., Psikhicheskoe Zdorov’e, 2022, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 100–110.

  102. Sakharov, A.V., Golygina, S.E., Prokhorov, A.S., and Tereshkov, P.P., Neurochem. J., 2023, vol. 17, pp. 138–142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Barichello, T., Simoes, L.R., Quevedo, J., and Zhang, X.Y., Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci., 2020, vol. 44, pp. 161–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Burgoyne, R.D., Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2007, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 182–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Suarez-Calvet, M., Morenas-Rodriguez, E., Kleinberger, G., Schlepckow, K., Caballero, M.A., Franzmeier, N., Capell, A., Fellerer, K., Nuscher, B., Eren, E., Levin, J., Deming, Y., Piccio, L., Karch, C., Cruchaga, C., Shaw, L., Trojanowski, J., Weiner, M., Ewers, M., and Haass, C., Molecular Neurodegeneration, 2019, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Galasko, D., Bell, J., Mancuso, J.Y., Kupiec, J.W., Sabbagh, M.N., van Dyck, C., Thomas, R.G., and Aisen, P.S., Neurology, 2014, vol. 82, no. 17, pp. 1536–1542.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Ermakov, E.A., Dmitrieva, E.M., Parshukova, D.A., Smirnova, L.P., Kazantseva, D.V., and Vasilieva, A.R., Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, vol. 2021, p. 8881770.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Kamaeva, D.A. and Goncharova, A.A., Psikhiatriya, 2022, vol. 20, no. S3 (2), pp. 70–71.

Download references

Funding

The study received no external support and was carried out using government funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chita State Medical Academy, Chita, Russia

    A. V. Sakharov & S. E. Golygina

Authors
  1. A. V. Sakharov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. E. Golygina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. V. Sakharov.

Ethics declarations

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

The review was prepared as part of a study approved by the local ethics committee of the Chita State Medical Academy of the Russian Ministry of Health on November 10, 2021 (protocol No. 117).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note.

Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sakharov, A.V., Golygina, S.E. Promising Markers of Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia. Neurochem. J. 18, 1–8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819712424010185

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819712424010185

Keywords:

Search

Navigation