Abstract
The Ground Penetrating Radar method is used to study a three-layered model of the surrounding rock–void–lining interface with regard to variation in the void thickness and in the electromagnetic properties of the void filler. The numerical modeling uses the method of finite differences in the time domain. The numerical modeling data are compared with the results of the physical simulation implemented using SIR-3000 GPR with the Model 52600 antenna having the working frequency of 2.6 GHz (S-band). It is found that the size of the void behind concrete lining and the electromagnetic properties of a material filling the void have influence on the accuracy of ranging to the lower boundary of the void and to the discontinuity in the form of a steel bolt located immediately behind the void in surrounding rock mass.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062739123060029/MediaObjects/10913_2024_1321_Fig10_HTML.png)
REFERENCES
Qin, H., Zhang, D., Tang, Y., and Wang, Y., Automatic Recognition of Tunnel Lining Elements from GPR Images Using Deep Convolutional Networks with Data Augmentation, Autom. Constr., 2021, vol. 130, 103830.
Qin, H., Tang, Y., Wang, Z., **e, X., and Zhang, D., Shield Tunnel Grouting Layer Estimation Using Sliding Window Probabilistic Inversion of GPR Data, Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 2021, vol. 112, 103913.
McCann, D.M. and Forde, M.C., Review of NDT Methods in the Assessment of Concrete and Masonry Structures, NDT E Int., 2001, vol. 34, pp. 71–84.
Shaw, M.R., Millard, S.G., Molyneaux, T.C.K., Taylor, M.J., and Bungey, J.H., Location of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Using Ground Penetrating Radar and Neural Networks, NDT E Int., 2004, vol. 38, pp. 203–212.
Gokhan, K. and Levent, E., Neural Network Based Inspection of Voids and Karst Conduits in Hydro-Electric Power Station Tunnels Using GPR, J. Appl. Geophys., 2018, vol. 151, pp. 194–204.
Feng, D., Wang, X., and Zhang, B., Specific Evaluation of Tunnel Lining Multi-Defects by All-Refined GPR Simulation Method Using Hybrid Algorithm of FETD and FDTD, Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, vol. 185, pp. 220–229.
Wu **anlong, Bao **aohua, Shen Jun, Chen **angsheng, Cui, and Hongzhi, Evaluation of Void Defects Behind Tunnel Lining through GPR Forward Simulation, Sensors, 2022, vol. 22, 9702.
Hasan Istiaque and Yazdani Nur, An Experimental and Numerical Study on Embedded Rebar Diameter in Concrete Using Ground Penetrating Radar, Chinese J. Eng., 2016, pp. 1–7.
Li Chuan, Li Minmin, Yang **, Fan Mingkun, Yang **, and Wang Lulu, Boundary Recognition of Tunnel Lining Void from Ground Penetrating Radar Data, J. Geophys. Eng., 2023, vol. 20.
Luo, T.X.H and Lai, W.W.L., GPR Pattern Recognition of Shallow Subsurface Air Voids, Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 2020, vol. 99, 103355.
Lee, S.J., Lee, J.W., Choi, Y.T., Lee, J.S., and Sagong, M., Analysis of GPR Signal Patterns by Tunnel Lining Thickness and Void Condition, J. Korean Soc. Railway, 2020, vol. 24, pp. 781–729.
Harseno, R.W., Lee, S.J., Kee, S.H., and Kim, S., Evaluation of Air-Voids Behind Concrete Tunnel Linings Using GPR Measurements, Remote Sens., 2022, vol. 14, 5438.
Parkinson Graham, Berger Klohn, and Ekes Csaba, Ground Penetrating Radar Evaluation of Concrete Tunnel Linings, 12th Int. Conf. on Ground Penetrating Radar, Birmingham, UK, 2008.
Takayama Jun-ya, Ohara Yuki, and Sun Wei, Nondestructive Evaluation of Air Voids in Concrete Structures Using Microwave Radar Technique, SICE J. Control, Meas., Syst. Integr., 2022, vol. 15, pp. 36–47.
Qin Hui, **e **ongyao, Tang Yu, and Wang Zhengzheng, Experimental Study on GPR Detection of Voids Inside and Behind Tunnel Linings, J. Env. &Eng. Geophys., 2020, vol. 25, pp. 65–74.
Sariçiçek Işil and Seren Aysel, Investigation Concrete Quality of Zigana and Torul Tunnels by Using GPR Method, 2015.
Liu, H., Deng, Z., Han, F., **a, Y., Liu, Q.H., and Sato, M., Time–Frequency Analysis of Air-Coupled GPR Data for Identification of Delamination Between Pavement Layers, Constr. Build. Mater., 2017, vol. 154, pp. 1207–1215.
Dinh, K. and Gucunski, N., Factors Affecting the Detectability of Concrete Delamination in GPR Images, Constr. Build. Mater., 2021, vol. 274, 121837.
Takayama, J.-Y., Ohara, Y., and Sun, W., Nondestructive Evaluation of Air Voids in Concrete Structures Using Microwave Radar Technique, SCIE J. Control Meas. Syst. Integr., 2022, vol. 15, pp. 36–47.
Zubkovich, S.G., Statisticheskie kharakteristiki radiosignalov, otrazhennykh ot zemnoi poverkhnosti (Statistical Characteristics of Radio Signals Reflected from Ground Surface), Moscow: Sov. Radio, 1968.
Ruban, A.D., Baukov, Yu.N., and Shkuratnik, V.L., Gornaya geofizika. Elektrometricheskie metody geokontrolya. Ch. 3. Vysokochastotnye elektromagnitnye metody: ucheb. posob. (Mining Geophysics. Electrometric Methods of Geocontrol. Part III: High-Frequency Electromagnetic Methods: Educational Aid), Moscow: MGGU, 2002.
Effects of Building Materials and Structures on Radiowave Propagation above about 100 MHz, Recommendation ITU-R 2015. P. 2040-1. Available at: https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.2040-1-201507-S !!PDF-E.pdf (accessed: 24.08.2023).
Yee, K., Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems Involving Maxwell’s Equations in Isotropic Media, IEEE. Trans. Antennas. Propag., 1966, vol. 14, pp. 302–307.
Finite-Difference Time-Domain. Available at: https://www.gprmax.com (accessed: 24.08.2023).
Akhaury U., Giannakis I., and Warren C., Giannopoulos A. Machine Learning Based Forward Solver: An Automatic Framework in gprMax, 11th Int. Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR), 2021.
Warren Craig, Giannopoulos Antonios, and Giannakis Iraklis. GprMax: Open Source Software to Simulate Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Ground Penetrating Radar, Comput. Phys. Commun., 2016, vol. 209, no. 3.
Vladov, M.L. and Sudakova, M.S., Georadiolokatsiya. Ot fizicheskikh osnov do perspektivnykh napravlenii (Ground Penetrating Radar. From Physical Basics to Promising Trends), Moscow: Geos, 2017.
**ao M., Chen C., and Su Z. The Calculation Method of Equivalent Dielectric Constant of Multi-Layer Underground Media, Geophys. Geochem. Explor., 2013, vol. 37, pp. 368–372.
Yelf R. Where is True Time Zero? Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Grounds Penetrating Radar, Delft, The Netherlands, 2004, pp. 279–282.
Zadhoush Hossain, Giannopoulos Antonios, and Giannakis Iraklis, Optimizing the Complex Refractive Index Model for Estimating the Permittivity of Heterogeneous Concrete Models, Remote Sensing, 2021, vol. 13.
SIR-3000 GPR System. Available at: http://www.geophysical.com/sir3000.htm (accessed: 24.08.2023).
Baryshnikov, V., Khmelinin, A., and Denisova, E., GPR Detection of Inhomogeneities in Concrete Lining of Underground Tunnels, Journal of Mining Sciences, 2014, vol. 50, pp. 25–32.
Shkuratnik, V.L., Izmereniya v fizicheskom eksperimente (Measurements in Physical Experiment), Moscow: AGN, 2000.
Sukhobok, Yu.A., Pupatenko, V.V., and Stoyanovich, G.M., Osnovy rasshifrovki i interpretatsii radaorgamm: ucheb. posob. (Elements of Decoding and Interpretation of Radarograms: Educational Aid), Khabarovsk: DVGUPS, 2018.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, 2023, No. 6, pp. 13-30. https://doi.org/10.15372/FTPRPI20230602.
Publisher’s Note. Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oparin, V.N., Denisova, E.V., Khmelinin, A.P. et al. The Application of Shortwave Band GPR in Investigation of Surrounding Rock-and-Lining Interface. J Min Sci 59, 885–900 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739123060029
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739123060029