Abstract—The cyanobacterial communities of Pskov Lake were studied in different seasons of 2021, and a comparison was made with data of 2018–2020. Information on the taxonomic composition and quantitative characteristics of cyanobacteria was obtained, and the species toxic to living organisms were demonstrated. A total of 196 species taxa of phytoplankton were registered at four permanent stations of the lake, 15.8% of which accounted for cyanobacteria. The cyanobacterial communities were most similar in terms of species in the summer and autumn periods. The quantitative indices of cyanobacteria, such as the abundance and biomass, were minimal in spring and maximal in the summer–autumn period. In each of the seasons of the year studied, toxic and potentially toxic species belonging to the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Lyngbya, Microcystis, Nodularia, and Nostoc were present among the detected cyanobacteria. The total contribution of the representatives of these genera to the total abundance of phytoplankton changed from 4.0% in spring to 65.0% in autumn. In summer, the portion of cyanobacteria from the above genera in the total abundance of microalgae accounted for about 40.0%. The largest role was noted for the algae Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing, which causes “blooming” of the reservoirs and produces a microcystin toxin with hepatotoxicity. The study of Pskov Lake requires constant monitoring of the content of cyanotoxins, especially in autumn, when the maximal biomass content of cyanobacteria (including toxic species) is observed, which can lead to serious consequences.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1062359023100035/MediaObjects/10525_2024_9438_Fig1_HTML.png)
REFERENCES
Belyakova, R.N., Bloom forming Aphanocapsa and Microcystis species (Cyanoprokaryota) in water bodies of North-West of Russia, Nov. Sistematiki Nizshikh Rast., 2004, vol. 37, pp. 8–21.
Belyakova, R.N., Voloshko, L.N., Gavrilova, O.V., Gogorev, R.M., Makarova, I.V., Okolodkov, Yu., and Rundina, L., Vodorosli, vyzyvayushchie “tsvetenie” v vodoemakh Severo-Zapada Rossii (Bloom Forming Algae in Water Bodies of North-West of Russia), Moscow: T-vo. Nauchnykh Izd. KMK, 2006.
Belykh, O.I., Gladkikh, A.S., Sorokovikova, E.G., Tikhonova, I.V., Potapov, S.A., and Fedorova, G.A., Microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in water reservoirs of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, Chem. Sustainable Dev., 2013, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 347–361.
Chernova, E.N., Russkikh, I.V., and Zhakovskaya, Z.A., Toxic metabolites of bluegreen algae and detection methods, Vestn. S.-Peterb. Gos. Univ. Fiz. Khim., 2017, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 440–473. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu04.2017.408
Drozdenko, T.V. and Antal, T.K., Evaluating water quality in Velikaya River by using phytoplankton characteristics, Vestn. Astrakhansk. Gos. Tekh. Univ. Ser. Rybnoe Khoz., 2021, vol. 2021, no. 1, pp. 51–60. https://doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2021-1-51-60
Gromov, B.V., Cyanobacteria in the biosphere, Sorosovskii Obrazovatel’nyi Zh., 1996, no. 9, pp. 33–39.
Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments, vol. 1: Coastal and Fresh Waters, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
Kuzmin, G.V., Tablitsy dlya vychisleniya biomassy vodoroslei (Tables for Calculating the Biomass of Algae), Magadan: Dal’nevostochnyi Nauchnyi Tsentr Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1984.
Paerl, H.W. and Huisman, J., Climate change: A catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms, Environ. Microbiol. Rep., 2009, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2008.00004.x
Pskov-Peipsi Lake, Ryby i ozera Pskovskoi oblasti (Fish and Lakes of the Pskov Region), Pskov: 2020. http:// pskovfish.ru/ozero-sp/ozera_pskovsko_chydskoe.htm. Cited June 25, 2020.
Rastogi, R.P., Madamwar, D., and Incharoensakdi, A., Bloom dynamics of Cyanobacteria and their toxins: Environmental health impacts and mitigation strategies, Front. Microbiol., 2015, vol. 6, p. 1254. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01254
Rastogi, R.P., Sinha, R.P., and Incharoensakdi, A., The cyanotoxin-microcystins: Current overview, Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol., 2014, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 215–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-014-9334-6
Sadchikov, A.P., Metody izucheniia presnovodnogo fitoplanktona, Metodicheskoe rukovodstvo (Methods for Studying Freshwater Phytoplankton: A Methodological Guide), Moscow: Universitet i Shkola, 2003.
Shmidt, V.M., Statisticheskie metody v sravnitel’noi floristike (Statistical Methods in Comparative Floristry), Leningrad: Izd-vo Leningradskogo Univ., 1980.
Sivonen, K., Cyanobacterial toxins and toxin production, Phycologia, 1996, vol. 35, suppl. 6, pp. 12–24. https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-35-6s-12.1
Stepanova, N.Yu., Khaliullina, L.Yu., Nikitin, O.V., and Latypova, V.Z., Structure and toxicity of cyanobacteria in recreational areas of reservoirs in the Kazan region, Voda: Khim. Ekol., 2012, no. 11, pp. 67–72.
Tanabe, Yu., Hodoki, Yo., Sano, T., Tada, K., and Watanabe, M.M., Adaptation of the freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa to brackish water is driven by recent horizontal transfer of sucrose genes, Front. Microbiol., 1150, vol. 9, no. 9, р. 1150. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01150
Voloshko, L.N., Plyushch, A.V., and Titova, N.N., Toxins of cyanobacteria (Cyanophyta), Int. J. Algae, 2008, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 14–33. https://doi.org/10.1615/interjalgae.v10.i1.20
Voyakina, E.Yu., Russkikh, Ia.V., Chernova, E.N., and Zhakovskaya, Z.A., Toxic cyanobacteria and their metabolites in the lakes of the Russian Northwest, Teor. Prikl. Ekol., 2020, no. 1, pp. 124–129. https://doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2020-1-124-129
Funding
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 23-24-00353.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
This article does not contain any studies involving human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Translated by A. Barkhash
Publisher’s Note.
Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Drozdenko, T.V., Aleksandrova, S.M., Antal, T.K. et al. Structural Indices and Toxic Species of Cyanobacteria of Pskov Lake. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 50, 2623–2629 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023100035
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023100035