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Automated Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Fluoroquinolones for Their Subsequent Chromatographic Determination

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Abstract

An automated method is developed for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of fluoroquinolone antibiotics based on the principles of stepwise injection analysis. The method involves the dispersion of the extractant by the gas phase, formed in situ in the extraction chamber of the flow analyzer. A deep eutectic solvent based on a terpenoid and a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic carboxylic acids is studied as an extractant for the isolation and preconcentration of fluoroquinolones, and a possibility of its use is substantiated. Hydrophilic carboxylic acid in the composition of the extractant acts as a proton donor for the formation of a carbon dioxide dispersant in the presence of sodium carbonate dissolved in the aqueous phase. A possibility of combining the developed method with high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection is shown on an example of the determination of fluoroquinolones in wastewaters. The limits of detection (3σ) for ofloxacin, fleroxacin, and norfloxacin were 0.3 µg/L.

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Funding

The authors are grateful to the Russian Science Foundation (nos. 21-13-00020, https://rscf.ru/project/21-13-00020/) for financial support in the ongoing research, as well as to the State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” for providing samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

    I. I. Timofeeva, K. A. Barbayanov & A. V. Bulatov

Authors
  1. I. I. Timofeeva
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  2. K. A. Barbayanov
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  3. A. V. Bulatov
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Correspondence to I. I. Timofeeva.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Translated by V. Kudrinskaya

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Timofeeva, I.I., Barbayanov, K.A. & Bulatov, A.V. Automated Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Fluoroquinolones for Their Subsequent Chromatographic Determination. J Anal Chem 78, 207–212 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934823020132

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