Abstract
We present the biostratigraphy (ammonites, brachiopods, foraminifers, and ostracodes), lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and isotope stratigraphy of the Almonacid de la Cuba section located in the Iberian Range, central-eastern Spain. This section, which contains a continuous and expanded record of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary (Early Jurassic), has been proposed as a complementary section for the Toarcian GSSP. An excellent ammonite-based biozonation has been obtained. Four ammonite assemblages characterized by the presence of Pleuroceras, Canavaria, Dactylioceras (Eodactylites), and Dactylioceras (Orthodactylites) have been distinguished. The base of the Toarcian is located at level CU35.2, based on the first occurrence of Dactylioceras. The occurrence of taxa from the NW European and the Mediterranean provinces is useful to improve the correlation between both provinces. Foraminiferal and ostracode assemblages are rich and diversified and no significant biostratigraphic events take place at the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary. The magnetostratigraphic data presented here are the most complete record of reversals of the earth magnetic field for the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary. A good record of the onset of the positive δ13C excursion reported in the Lower Toarcian of many European sections has been obtained. Average paleotemperatures measured at the latest Pliensbachian Spinatum Biochron of about 12.5°C, recorded a marked increase of the seawater temperature which started during the Toarcian, reaching average temperatures of 16.7°C at the Tenuicostatum Biochron. The obtained 87Sr/86Sr values fully agree with the LOWESS calibration curve.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Y. Alméras and P. Fauré, “Les Brachiopodes liasiques des Pyrénées. Paléontologie, Biostratigraphie, Paléobiogéographie et Paléoenvironnements,” Strata 36, 1–395 (2000).
T. F. Anderson and M. A. Arthur, “Stable Isotopes of Oxygen and Carbon and Their Application to Dedimentologic and Paleoenvironmental Problems,” SEPM Short Course 10, 1–151 (1983).
C. Arias, “The Pliensbachian-Toarcian Boundary Ostracod Biostratigraphy in the Cordillera Iberica, Northeastern Spain,” N. Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol. Abh. 216, 153–193 (2000).
C. Arias, “Extinction Pattern of Marine Ostracoda Across the Pliensbachian-Toarcian Boundary in the Cordillera Ibérica, NE Spain: Causes and consequences,” Geobios 42, 1–16 (2009).
T. R. Bailey, Y. Rosenthal, J. M. McArthur, B. van de Schootbrugge, and M. F. Thirlwall, “Paleoceanographic Changes of the Late Pliensbachian Early Toarcian Interval: A Possible Link to the Genesis of an Oceanic Anoxic Event,” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 212, 307–320 (2003).
M. Bécaud, “Les Hildoceratidae (Ammonitina) du Toarcien de la bordure sud et sudest du Massif Armoricain (France),” Doc. Lab. Géol. Lyon 162, 1–245 (2006).
I. Boomer, “Lower Jurassic Ostracoda from Ilmister, Somerset, England,” J. Micropaleontol. 9(2), 205–218 (1992).
J. C. Braga, “Ammonites del Domerense de la Zona Subbética (Cordilleras Béticas, S. de España),” Tesis Doctoral (Universidad de Granada, 1983), pp. 1–410.
J. C. Braga, M. J. Comas-Rengifo, A. Goy, and P. Rivas, “Comparaciones faunísticas y correlaciones en el Pliensbachiense de la Zona Subbética y Cordillera Ibérica,” Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. (Sec. Geol.) 80, 221–244 (1982).
J. C. Braga, M. J. Comas-Rengifo, A. Goy, and P. Rivas, “The Pliensbachian of Spain. Ammonite Succesion, Boundaries and Correlations,” in I International Symposium on Jurassic Stratigraphy (Geological Survey of Denmark, Copenhagen, 1984), pp. 160–176.
M. J. Comas-Rengifo, “El Pliensbachiense de la Cordillera Ibérica,” Tesis Doctoral (Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, UCM, 1982; Colección Tesis Doctorales, UCM, 1985), pp. 1–591.
M. J. Comas-Rengifo, F. García Joral, and A. Goy, “Spiriferinida (Brachiopoda) del Jurásico Inferior del NE y N de Espa~na: distribución y extinción durante el evento anóxico oceánico del Toarciense inferior,” Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. (Sec. Geol.) 101, 147–157 (2006).
M. J. Comas-Rengifo and A. Goy, “El Pliensbachiense-Toarciense en la Rambla del Salto (Sierra Palomera, Teruel)” (Dpto. Paleontología, Facultad de CC. Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1978), pp. IV.1–IV.11.
M. J. Comas-Rengifo, J. J. Gómez, A. Goy, C. Herrero, N. Perilli, and A. Rodrigo, “El Jurásico Inferior en la sección de Almonacid de la Cuba (Sector central de la Cordillera Ibérica, Zaragoza, España),” Cuad. Geol. Ibér. 25, 27–57 (1999).
M. J. Comas-Rengifo, A. Goy, and N. Perilli, “Ammonite and Calcareous Nannofossil of the Expanded and Continuous Section of Almonacid de la Cuba II (Cordillera Ibérica, Spain): A Possible Pliensbachian/Toarcian Boundary Stratotype,” in VI International Symposium on the Jurassic System (Mondello, Sicilia Abstracts and Program, 2002), pp. 37–38.
P. C. de Graciansky, T. Jacquin, and S.P. Hesselbo, “The Ligurian Cycle: An Overview of Lower Jurassic 2nd-Order Transgressive/Regressive Facies Cycles in Western Europe,” SEPM Spec. Publ. 60, 467–479 (1998).
W. T. Dean, D. T. Donovan, and M. K. Howarth, “The Liassic Ammonite Zones and Subzones of the Northwest European Province,” Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol. Ser. 4, 435–505 (1961).
J. L. Dommergues, C. Meister, and R. Mouterde, “Pliensbachien, in E. Cariou and P. Hantzpergue (Coord.). Biostratigraphie du Jurassique ouesteuropéen et méditerranéen: zonations parallèles et distribution des invertébrés et microfossiles,” Bull. Centre Rech. Explor. Prod. Elf Aquitaine 17, 15–23 (1997).
L. V. Duarte, “Clay Minerals and Geochemical Evolution in the Toarcian-Lower Aalenian of the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal),” Cuad. Geol. Ibér. 24, 69–98 (1998).
L. V. Duarte, “Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Setting of the Pliensbachian and Toarcian Marly Limestones in the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal,” Volumina Jurassica 4, 157–158 (2006).
S. Elmi, “Toarcian GSSP Candidate: The Peniche Section,” in Carboniferous and Jurassic Carbonate Platforms of Iberia (Imprensa Coimbra Lda, Coimbra, 2004), pp. 64–67.
S. Elmi, “Pliensbachian-Toarcian Boundary: the Proposed GSSP of Peniche (Portugal),” Volumina Jurassica 4, 5–16 (2006).
S. Elmi, F. Atrops, and C. Mangold, “Les zones d’ammonites du Domerien-Callovien. de l’Algérie Occidentale. 1ère partie: Domerien-Toarcien,” Doc. Lab. Géol. Lyon 61, 3–83 (1974).
S. Elmi, A. Goy, R. Mouterde, P. Rivas, and R. B. Rocha, “Correlaciones bioestratigráficas en el Toarciense de la Península Ibérica,” Cuad. Geol. Ibér. 13, 265–277(1989).
S. Elmi, J. Gabilly, R. Mouterde, L. Rulleau, and R. B. Rocha, “L’étage Toarcien de l’Europe et de la Téthys: divisions et corrélations,” Geobios. Mém. Spéc. 17, 149–159 (1994).
S. Elmi, R. Mouterde, R. B. Rocha, and L. V. Duarte, “La limite Pliensbachien-Toarcien au Portugal; intérêt de la coupe de Peniche,” Aalenews 6, 33–35 (1996).
S. Elmi, L. Rulleau, J. Gabilly, and R. Mouterde, “Toarcian, in E. Cariou and P. Hantzpergue (Coord.). Biostratigraphie du Jurassique ouest-européen et méditerranén: zonations parallèles et distribution des invertébrés et microfossiles,” Bull. Centre Rech. Explor. Prod. Elf Aquitaine 17, 25–36 (1997).
S. Elmi, A. Marok, A. Sebane, and Y. Alméras, “Importance of the Mellata Section (Traras Mountains, NW Algeria) for the Correlations of the Pliensbachian/Toarcian Boundary,” Volumina Jurassica 4, 158–160 (2006).
J. Exton and F. M. Gradstein, “Early Jurassic Stratigraphy and Micropaleontology of the Grand Banks and Portugal,” in Jurassic and Cretaceous Biochronology and Biogeography of North America, Ed by G. E. G. Westerman, 1984, pp. 13–28.
P. Fauré, Y. Alméras, N. Sekatni, and F. Zargouni, “Le Pliensbachien de Jebel Zaghouan (Tunisie). Nouvelles données fauniques. Implications biostratigraphiques et paléobiogéographiques,” Geodiversitas 29, 473–506 (2007).
R. A. Fisher, “Dispersion on a Sphere,” Proc. Roy. Soc. London 217, 295–305 (1953).
B. Galbrun, B. J. Gabilly, and L. Raspins, “Magnetostratigraphy of the Toarcian Stratotype Sections at Thouars and Airvault (Des-Serves, France),” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 87, 453–462(1988).
B. Galbrun, F. Baudin, E. Fourcade, and P. Rivas, “Magnetostratigraphy of the Toarcian Ammonitico Rosso Limestone at Iznalloz, Spain,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 2441–2444 (1990).
M. E. Gahr, “Palökologie des Makrobenthos aus dem Unter-Toarc SW-Europas,” Beringeria 31, 3–204 (2002).
F. García Joral and A. Goy, “Características de la fauna de braquiópodos del Toarciense Superior en el Sector Central de la Cordillera Ibérica (Noreste de España),” Est. Geol. 40, 55–60 (1984).
F. García Joral and A. Goy, “Stratigraphic Distribution of Toarcian Brachiopods from the Iberian Range (Spain) and Its Relation to Depositional Sequences”. GeoResearch Forum 6, 381–386 (2000).
P. Gianolla and T. Jacquin, “Triassic Sequences Stratigraphic Framework of Western European Basins,” SEPM Spec. Publ. 60, 643–650 (1998).
J. J. Gómez, “Sedimentología y paleogeografía del Jurásico en la hoja geológica no 40 (7–5) de Daroca del Mapa Geológico de España a escala de 1: 200.000” (Instituto Tecnológico y Geominero de España, 1991), pp. 31–82.
J. J. Gómez and A. Goy, “Sequential Analysis of the Toarcian in the Northern and Central-Eastern Part of the Iberian Subplate, Spain,” GeoResearch Forum 6, 301–309 (2000).
J. J. Gómez and A. Goy, “Late Triassic and Early Jurassic Palaeogeographic Evolution and Depositional Cycles of the Western Tethys Iberian Platform System (Eastern Spain),” Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 222, 77–94 (2005).
J. J. Gómez, A. Goy, and M. L. Canales, “Seawater Temperature and Carbon Isotope Variations in Belemnites Linked to Mass Extinction during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) in Central and Northern Spain. Comparison with Other European Sections,” Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 258, 28–58 (2008).
W. A. Gordon, “Biogeography of Jurassic Foraminifera,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 81, 1689–1704 (1970).
A. Goy, M. J. Comas-Rengifo, C. Arias, F. García Joral, J. J. Gómez, C. Herrero, G. Martinez, and A. Rodrigo, “El Tránsito Pliensbachiense/Toarciense en el sector central de la Rama Aragonesa de la Cordillera Ibérica (España),” Cah. l’Instit. Cathol. Lyon 10, 159–179 (1997).
A. Goy, M. J. Comas-Rengifo, C. Arias, J. J. Gómez, A. González, C. Herrero, A. Palencia, N. Perilli, and A. Rodrigo, “The Pliensbachian/Toarcian boundary in the Almonacid de la Cuba section (Iberian Range, Spain),” Volumina Jurassica 6, 164–165 (2006).
A. Goy, A. Jiménez, G. Martínez, and P. Rivas, “Difficulties in Correlating the Toarcian Ammonite Succession of the Iberian and Betics Cordilleras,” in 2nd International Symposium on Jurassic Stratigraphy (Lisboa, 1988), pp. 155–178.
A. Goy and G. Martínez, “Biozonación del Toarciense en el área de La Almunia de Doña Godina-Ricla (Sector Central de la Cordillera Ibérica),” Cuad. Geol. Ibér. 14, 11–53 (1990).
J. Guex, “Aperçu biostratigraphique sur le Toarcien inférieur du Moyen-Atlas marocain et discussion sur la zonation de ce sous-étage dans les séries méditerranéennes,” Eclogae geol. Helv. 66, 493–523 (1973).
B. L. Haq, J. Hardenbol, and P. Vail, “Mesozoic and Cenozoic Chronostratigraphy and Eustatic Cycles,” SEPM Spec. Publ. 42, 71–108 (1988).
C. Herrero, “Sucesión de asociaciones de foraminíferos en el tránsito Pliensbachiense-Toarciense en Almonacid de la Cuba (Zaragoza, España),” Rev. Esp. Micropal. 38, 339–354 (2006).
C. Herrero, “Foraminiferal Events in the Pliensbachian-Toarcian Transition at Almonacid de la Cuba (Zaragoza, Spain), the Complementary Reference Section of the Proposed Toarcian GSSP,” N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 250, 233–255 (2008).
S. P. Hesselbo and H. C. Jenkyns, “A Comparison of the Hettangian to Bajocian Successions of Dorset and Yorkshire,” in Field Geology of the British Jurassic (Geological Society of London, 1995), pp. 105–150.
S. P. Hesselbo, H. C. Jenkyns, L. V. Duarte, and L. C. V. Oliveira, “Carbon-Isotope Record of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) Oceanic Anoxic Event from Fossil Wood and Marine Carbonate (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal),” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 253, 455–470 (2007).
A. V. Hillebrandt, “Liassic Ammonite Zones of South America and Correlations with Other Provinces. Description of New Genera and Species of Ammonites,” in Bioestratigrafia de los Sistemas Regionales del Jurásico y Cretácico en América del Sur (Volkheimer W. Ed. Mendoza, Argentinien, 1987), pp. 111–157.
A. V. Hillebrandt and R. Schmidt-Effing, “Ammoniten aus dem Toarcium (Jura) von Chile (Sudamerika),” Zitteliana 6, 3–64 (1981).
F. Horner and F. Heller, “Lower Jurassic Magnetostratigraphy at the Breggia Gorge (Ticino, Switzerland) and Alpe Turati (Como, Italy),” Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 73, 705–718 (1983).
M. K. Howarth, “A Monograph of the Ammonite of the Liassic Family Amaltheidae in Britain,” Palaeontol. Soc. London, 111, 1–26 (1957); Part 2, 112, 27–53 (1958).
M. K. Howarth, “The Stratigraphy and Ammonite Fauna of the Upper Liassic Grey Shales of the Yorkshire Coast,” Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol. Ser. 24, 237–277 (1973).
M. K. Howarth, “The Stratigraphy and Ammonite Fauna of the Upper Lias of Northamptonshire,” Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol. Ser. 29, 235–288 (1978).
M. K. Howarth, “The Ammonitic Family Hildoceratidae in the Lower Jurassic of Britain,” Monogr. Palaeont. Soc. London 145, 1–106 (1992).
M. P. Iglesia-Llanos and A. C. Riccardi, “The Neuquén Composite Section: Magnetostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of the Marine Lower Jurassic from the Neuquén Basin (Argentina),” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 181, 443–457 (2000).
H. C. Jenkyns, “Evidence for Rapid Climate Change in the Mesozoic-Palaeogene Greenhouse World,” Phil. T. Roy. Soc. 361, 1885–1916 (2003).
H. C. Jenkyns and C. J. Clayton, “Lower Jurassic Epicontinental Carbonates and Mudstones from England and Wales: Chemostratigraphic Signals and the Early Toarcian Anoxic Event,” Sedimentology 44, 687–706 (1997).
E. D. Kalacheva, “Toarcian,” in The Jurassic Ammonite Zones of the Soviet Union (Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 1988), pp. 14–18.
N. Lachkar, J. L. Dommergues, Ch. Meister, J. Lang, and E. H. Chellai, “Apport des ammonites au cadre biostratigraphique et chronostratigraphique du HautAtlas de Rich au cours du Lias (Maroc),” Africa Geosci. Rew. 14, 95–105 (2007).
W. Lowrie, “Identification of Ferromagnetic Minerals in a Rock by Coercivity and Unblocking Temperature Properties,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 159–162 (1990).
F. Macchioni, “Myths and Legends in the Correlation between the Boreal and Tethyan Realms. Implications on the Dating of the Early Toarcian Mass Extinctions and the Oceanic Anoxic Event,” Geobios, Mém. Spéc. 35, 150–164 (2002).
F. Macchioni and F. Cecca, “Biodiversity and Biogeography of Middle-Late Liassic Ammonoids: Implications for the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction,” Geobios, Mém. Spéc. 35, 165–175 (2002).
F. Macchioni and C. Meister, “Ammonite Biostratigraphy of Some Mediterranean Sections, Vol. 2: The Succession of the Gola del F. Burano (Umbria-Machigiano Basin, Apennine), a Reference Section for Tethyan Domain,” Rev. Paléobiol. Genéve 22, 363–420 (2003).
J. M. McArthur, D. T. Donovan, M. F. Thirlwall, B. W. Fouke, and D. Mattey, “Strontium Isotope Profile of the Early Toarcian (Jurassic) Oceanic Anoxic Event, the Duration of Ammonite Biozones, and Belemnite Palaeotemperatures,” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 179, 269–285 (2000).
J. M. McArthur, R. J. Howarth, and T. R. Bailey, “Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy: LOWESS Version 3: Best Fit to the Marine Sr Isotope Curve for 0–509 Ma and Accompanying Look-Up Table for Deriving Numerical Age,” J. Geol. 109(2), 155–170 (2001).
J. M. McArthur and R. J. Howarth, “Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy,” in A Geological Time Scale 2004 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2004), pp. 96–105.
P. L. McFadden and D. L. Jones, “The Fold Test in Palaeomagnetism,” Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 67, 53–58 (1981).
P. L. McFadden and M. W. McElhinny, “Classification of the Reversal Test in Palaeomagnetism,” Geophys. Intern. J. 103, 725–729 (1990).
P. L. McFadden and A. Reid, “Analysis of Paleomagnetic Inclination Data,” Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 69, 307–319 (1982).
C. Meister, P. Schirolli, and J. L. Dommergues, “Sinemurian to Lowermost Toarcian of the Brescian Alps (Southern Alps, Italy): Biostratigraphical Framework and Correlations,” Volumina Jurassica 4, 184–185 (2006).
O. Michelsen, “Lower Jurassic Biostratigraphy and Ostracoda of the Danish Embayment,” Dan. Geol. Unders. 104(2), 1–289 (1975).
M. G. Moreau, H. Bucher, A. M. Bodegart, and J. Guex, “Pliensbachian Magnetostratigraphy: New Data from Paris Basin (France),” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 203, 755–767 (2002).
R. Mouterde, “Le Lias de Peniche,” Com. Serv. Geol. Port. 36, 87–115 (1955).
R. Mouterde, “Le Lias du Portugal. Vue d’ensemble et divisions en zones,” Com. Serv. Geol. Port. 52, 209–226 (1967).
B. L. Nikitenko, “The Early Jurassic to Aalenian Paleobiogeography of the Arctic Realm: Implication of Microbenthos (Foraminifers and Ostracodes),” Stratigr. Geol. Correlation 16, 59–80 (2008).
J. G. Ogg, “Magnetic Polarity Time Scale of the Phanerozoic,” in Global Physics. A Handbook of Physical Constants (AGU Reference Shelf, 1995), pp. 240–270.
J. G. Ogg, “The Jurassic Period” in A Geologic Time Scale 2004 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2004), pp. 307–343.
M. L. Osete, J. J. Villalaín, C. Osete, and P. R. Gialanella, “Evolución de Iberia durante el Jurásico a partir de datos paleomagnéticos,” Geotemas 1, 117–119 (2000).
M. L. Osete, P. R. Gialanella, J. J. Gómez, J. J. Villalaín, A. Goy, and F. Heller, “Magnetostratigraphy of Early-Middle Toarcian Expanded Sections from the Iberian Range (Central Spain),” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 259, 319–332 (2007).
K. Page, “The Lower Jurassic of Europe: Its Subdivision and Correlation,” in The Jurassic of Denmark and Greenland (Geological Survey Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, 2003), pp. 23–59.
A. C. Riccardi, “The Marine Jurassic of Argentina: A Biostratigraphic Framework,” Episodes 31, 326–365 (2008).
W. Riegraf, “Microfauna, Biostratigraphie und Fazies im Unteren Toarcium Sudwestdeutschlands und Vergleiche mit benachbarten Gebieten,” Tubinger Micropalaontology 3, 1–232 (1985).
H. J. Röhl, A. Schmid-Röhl, W. Oschmann, A. Frimmel, and L. Schwark, “The Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian) of SW Germany: an Oxygen-Depleted Ecosystem Controlled by Sea Level and Palaeoclimate,” Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 165, 27–52 (2001).
I. Rosales, S. Robles, and S. Quesada, “Registro de la composición isotópica del Jurásico inferior de la Cuenca Vascocantábrica: metodología analitica y relación con los depósitos orgánicos,” Geotemas 3, 61–64 (2001).
I. Rosales, S. Quesada, and S. Robles, “Paleotemperature Variations of Early Jurassic Seawater Recorded in Geochemical Trends of Belemnites from the Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Northern Spain,” Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 203, 253–275 (2004).
V. Ruiz, A. Lendínez, and V. Gabaldón, Geological Map of Spain at the Scale of 1: 50000. Sheet 440, Belchite (ITGE, Madrid, 1986).
G. Sælen, P. Doyle, and M. R. Talbot, “Stable-Isotope Analyses of Belemnite Rostra from the Whitby Mudstone Fm. England: Surface Water Conditions during Deposition of a Marine Black Shale,” Palaios 11, 97–117 (1996).
A. Schmid-Röhl, H. J. Röhl, W. Oschmann, A. Frimmel, and L. Schwark, “Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction of Lower Toarcian Epicontinental Black Shales (Posidonia Shale, SW Germany): Global Versus Regional Control,” Geobios 35, 13–20 (2002).
S. Schouten, H. M. E. van Kaam-Peters, W. I. C. Rijpstra, M. Schoell, and J. S. Sinninghe Damste, “Effects of an Oceanic Anoxic Event on the Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of Early Toarcian Carbon,” Amer. J. Sci. 300, 1–22 (2000).
L. Sequeiros, I. Cólera, R. Valenzuela, and L. Sánchez, “Bioestratigrafía del Jurásico (Lias y Dogger) en el sector Belchite-Almonacid de la Cuba (prov. de Zaragoza, Cordillera Ibérica),” Estud. Geol. 34, 293–298 (1978).
F. Tremolada, B. van de Schootbrugge, and E. Erba, “Early Jurassic Schizosphaerellid Crisis in Cantabria, Spain: Implications for Calcification Rates and Phytoplankton Evolution Across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event,” Paleoceanography 20, A201. doi: 10.1029/2004PA001120 (2005).
E. K. Wright, “Stratification and Paleocirculation of the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 99, 480–490 (1987).
V. A. Zakharov, Yu. I. Bogomolov, V. I. Il’ina, et al., “Boreal Zonal Standard and Biostratigraphy of the Mesozoic of Siberia,” Geol. Geofiz. 38, 927–956 (1997).
V. A. Zakharov, B. N. Shurygin, V. I. Il’ina, and B. L. Nikitenko, “Pliensbachian-Toarcian Biotic Turnover in North Siberia and the Arctic Region,” Stratigraph. Geol. Correlation 14, 399–417 (2006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The article is published in the original.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Comas-Rengifo, M.J., Arias, C., Gómez, J.J. et al. A complementary section for the proposed Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) global stratotype: The Almonacid de la Cuba section (Spain). Stratigr. Geol. Correl. 18, 133–152 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593810020036
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593810020036