Abstract—Methods of stereometric metallography of the microstructure of steels and alloys have been considered. In addition to the accepted results of the analysis, parameters of the sample range and the unit continuous second-phase length and analysis of changes in the sequential volume of the second phase have been proposed, and a method for visualization of the results in the form of polar diagrams has been developed and presented. As an example, studies were performed on grade 40 carbon steel microsections without etching. Defect-free samples and samples with dot and line inclusions were considered. The use of the methods under consideration makes it possible to increase the accuracy of determining the directions of deformation impacts and to detect the presence of inclusions and evaluate their size and volume in alloys from an analyzed image.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS0036029523700192/MediaObjects/11505_2024_11526_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS0036029523700192/MediaObjects/11505_2024_11526_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS0036029523700192/MediaObjects/11505_2024_11526_Fig3_HTML.png)
REFERENCES
A. P. Gulyaev, Metallurgy: Textbook for Universities, 6th ed. (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1986).
F. V. Grechnikov, Ya. A. Erisov, A. A. Tikhonova, and M. N. Pigareva, “Influence of blank’s anisotropy on non-uniformity of part wall thickness during drawing,” Izv. Samar. Nauchn. Tsentra Ross. Akad. Nauk 19 (1(3)), 581–586 (2017).
S. V. Danilov, P. L. Reznik, M. L. Lobanov, M. A. Golovnin, and Yu. N. Loginov, “Influence of hot rolling on mechanical properties anisotropy of 6061 aluminum alloy,” Vestn. Yuzhno-Ural. Gos. Univ. 17 (1), 73–80 (2017). https://doi.org/10.14529/met170109
V. K. Barnwal, R. Raghavan, A. Tewariac , K. Narasimhan, and S. K. Mishra, “Effect of microstructure and texture on forming behaviour of AA-6061 aluminium alloy sheet,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A 679, 56–65 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.027
P. Ren, X. P. Chen, C. Y. Wang, Y. X. Zhou, W. Q. Cao, and Q. Liu, “Evolution of microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of Fe–30Mn–11Al–1.2 C low-density steel during cold rolling,” Mater. Charact. 174, 111013 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111013
GOST (State Standard) 5640–2020: Steel. Metallographic Method for Determination of Microstructure of Flat Rolled Product (Standartinform, Moscow, 2021).
ASTM E1268-19: Standard Practice for Assessing the Degree of Banding or Orientation of Microstructures (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken, Pa., 2016).
V. V. Sitnikov, V. V. Lyuminarskii, and A. V. Korobeinikov, “Overview of object recognition methods used in machine vision systems,” Vestn. Izhevskogo Gos. Tekh. Univ. M.T. Kalashnikov 21 (4), 222–229 (2018). https://doi.org/10.22213/2413-1172-2018-4-222-229
K. Zhang, T. Huang, Z. Su, and T. Guan, “Design of solder quality inspection system based on machine vision,” in 2021 IEEE 5th Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conf. (IAEAC), Chongqing, China, 2021 (2021), pp. 2413–2418. https://doi.org/10.1109/IAEAC50856.2021.9390646
A. V. Kudrya, E. A. Sokolovskaya, V. Yu. Perezhogin, and N. N. Ha, “Some practical concerns related to computer procedures of processing images in material science,” Vektor Nauki Tol’yattinskogo Gos. Univ., No. 4 (50), 35–44 (2019). https://doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2019-4-35-44
**yang Liu and Qingyun Dai, “The two dimensional microstructure characterization of cemented carbides with an automatic image analysis process,” Ceram. Int. 43, 14865–14872 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.08.002
A. A. Kazakov, D. V. Kiselev, S. V. Andreeva, L. S. Chigintsev, S. V. Golovin, V. A. Egorov, and S. I. Markov, “Development of a methodology for quantitative assessment of microstructural banding of low-alloy pipe steels using automatic image analysis,” Chern. Met., No. 7–8, 31–37 (2007).
A. A. Kazakov and D. Kiselev, “Industrial application of thixomet image analyzer for quantitative description of steel and alloy’s microstructure,” Metallogr., Microstructure, Anal. 5 (4), 294–301 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-016-0289-6
A. Kazakov, D. Kiselev, E. Kazakova, G. F. Vander Voort, and L. Chigintsev, “Quantitative description of microstructural banding in steels,” Mater. Perform. Charact. 6 (3), 224–236 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20160009
S. Voronin, M. Ledyaev, P. Loboda, and S. Konovalov, “Finite-element model for an Al + 2.38% Cu + 0.06% SiC composite with regard to its structural components,” AIP Conf. Proc. 1909, 020228 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5013909
S. A. Saltykov, Stereometric Metallography (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1970).
R. P. Bogush, E. R. Adamousky, and S. F. Denisenak, “Processing and analysis of images of microstructure metals for determining the grain point,” Dokl. Beloruss. Gos. Univ. Inf. Radioelektron. 19 (4), 70–79 (2021). https://doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2012-19-4-70-79
D. V. Zhukov and S. V. Konovalov, “Computer processing of alloys microstructure images,” in Actual Problems of Physical Metallurgy of Steels and Alloys. Collection of Abstracts of Reports of the 26th Ural School of Metallologists-Thermists, Ed. by A. A. Popov (Ekaterinburg, 2022), pp. 262–267.
V. I. Bogdanovich, Theoretical Basis for Ensuring Aircraft Reliability at the Stage of Production (Samarsk. Gos. Aerokosmicheskii Univ., Samara, 2007).
Funding
This work was supported by ongoing institutional funding. No additional grants to carry out or direct this particular research were obtained.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Translated by G. Kirakosyan
Publisher’s Note.
Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhukov, D.V., Giorbelidze, M.G., Mel’nikov, A.A. et al. Method for Evaluation and Visualization of the Microstructure Materials Heterogeneity. Russ. Metall. 2023, 2126–2132 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029523700192
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029523700192