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Influence of Environmental Factors and the Condition of Fish on Schooling Behavior

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Abstract

Despite being innate, schooling behavior is subject to the influence of external factors that change the condition of fish or the conditions of their environment and reception. Of the abiotic factors, the strongest influence is exerted by the illumination and the water turbidity, the abundance of visual landmarks, and the flow velocity. The effect of temperature and the gas composition of water (oxygen content) is much less pronounced; only the first information is available about the effect of water salinity. Among biotic factors, schooling behavior is significantly influenced by various social conditions (fish stocking density, social deprivation), feeding and defensive motivations of fish (fish gut fullness, presence of predators), and parasite infestation. The ability of fish to exhibit schooling behavior is reduced in the presence of virtually all pollutants studied.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their sincere gratitude to A.A. Kazhlaev, A.S. Patseva, and L.S. Alekseeva (Moscow State University), who provided great assistance in preparing the article for publication. The authors are sincerely grateful to P.I. Kirillov (Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences) for careful and constructive editing of the text and illustrations, which improved the quality of the article.

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The article was prepared within the framework of scientific projects of the state assignment of the Moscow State University No. 121032300100-5 and the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences No. 121122300056-3 in the Unified State Information System for Accounting the Results of Civil Research, Development and Technological Works.

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    A. O. Kasumyan

  2. Severtsov Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science (IPEE RAS), Moscow, Russia

    D. S. Pavlov

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Kasumyan, A.O., Pavlov, D.S. Influence of Environmental Factors and the Condition of Fish on Schooling Behavior. J. Ichthyol. 63, 1362–1373 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945223070123

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