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Morphology, Individual Age, DNA and Sex of the Yuka Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Northern Yakutia, Russia

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Abstract

A partial carcass of the woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, named “Yuka Mammoth,” was found thawed from the Pleistocene Yedoma (permafrost) deposits of the Oyogos Yar bluff on the coast of the Dmitry Laptev Strait. Yuka’s AMS calibrated radiocarbon date yielded the date between ~40 100–39 000 calendar years BP. The mDNA analyses demonstrated that Yuka clusters with previously published Siberian woolly mammoths falling into clade 1 and represents ancestral to a haplotype shared by two ~18 500 14C yr old mammoths, including the Yukagir Mammoth that was discovered ~140 km from the Yuka’s site. The hide morphology in the genital area suggests that Yuka was a female. The teeth generation (DP3/dp3-Dp4/dp4) and their state of wear, season of her death (autumn) and confirmed earlier the dental development delay in infants allowed to estimate Yuka’s age as 5.5 yr old juvenile. Yuka’s tusks suggests that yuka was not older than 5.5 years woolly mammoth specimens with the similar dental age. Yuka’s missing body parts and the damage of the hide suggests that it was hunted by cave lions, but she managed to escape into a mudhole, where she died and was partially scavenged.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to Vaslily Gorokhov, the Head of the Yukagir Community, Yakutia, for the photos of the Yuka mammoth. We thank all members of the Yukagir Community for their work in recovering, storage and transporting the Yuka Mammoth to Yakutsk and making it available for the study at the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). We grateful to Mr. Yu. Starikov (ZIN) for making the Dima trunk cast available for our study. Ms. Julie Mossman (Hot Springs, SD) kindly edited the draft version of some of the text parts. PDH., JDK, and BS were funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation GBMF3804.The ENM research was supported by the Program “Basic Scientific Research in the Arctic” in 2016, and the research by LDA and ORP was partly supported by The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, SD, Inc. This study was organized and supported by the 2012–2016 Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Program “The Mammoth Fauna Research.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117647, Moscow, Russia

    E. N. Maschenko

  2. Pleistocene Park Foundation, PA 19006, Philadelphia, United States

    O. R. Potapova

  3. The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, SD 57747, Hot Springs, United States

    O. R. Potapova & L. D. Agenbroad

  4. The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway

    P. D. Heintzman

  5. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, Santa Cruz, United States

    J. D. Kapp & B. Shapiro

  6. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, 95064, Santa Cruz, California, United States

    B. Shapiro

  7. Department of Mammoth Fauna Studies, Academy of Sciences Sakha (Yakutia), 677007, Yakutsk, Russia

    E. N. Maschenko, A. V. Protopopov, G. G. Boeskorov, I. S. Pavlov, V. V. Plotnikov, S. D. Kolesov & A. I. Klimovskiy

  8. Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 677890, Yakutsk, Russia

    G. G. Boeskorov

  9. Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117418, Moscow, Russia

    A. S. Kharlamova & J. van der Plicht

  10. Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands

    J. van der Plicht

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  1. E. N. Maschenko
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Maschenko, E.N., Potapova, O.R., Heintzman, P.D. et al. Morphology, Individual Age, DNA and Sex of the Yuka Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Northern Yakutia, Russia. Paleontol. J. 55, 1230–1259 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S003103012111006X

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