Abstract
This review provides an overview of molecular mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction involving free radicals. The structure and functions of enzymes that can produce superoxide anion-radical and hydrogen peroxide are considered in detail. The mechanisms of regulation of cell properties with the participation of specialized redox chains formed by a group of proteins interacting through electron transport processes are discussed. Genetically mediated mechanisms of regulation of cellular redox homeostasis are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the issue concerning quantitative characterization of the network of interactions of oxidizing and reducing agents, which determines the species-specific and individual characteristics of redox homeostasis and the stress response of cells.
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Funding
This work was carried out with partial financial support from the Foundation for Basic Research of the Republic of Belarus (project no. B22-045) and the joint grant from the Russian Science Foundation and the Foundation for Basic Research of the Republic of Belarus (nos. 23-45-10026 and B23RSF-093, respectively). The mechanisms regulating the functioning of NADPH oxidase were described with support from the Russian Science Foundation project no. 23-45-10026, which includes investigation of its activation.
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Abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; Nox, NADPH oxidase; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN, flavin mononucleotide; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; SOD, superoxide dismutase; ARE, antioxidant respons(iv)e element; Duox, Dual oxidase; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor 2; Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Klf9, Kruppel-like factor 9; Prx6, peroxiredoxin 6.
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Martinovich, G.G., Martinovich, I.V., Voinarouski, V.V. et al. Free Radicals and Signal Transduction in Cells. BIOPHYSICS 68, 537–551 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006350923040127
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006350923040127