SpringerLink
Log in

Seismic Deformations at the Ancient Settlement of Raevskoe and Seismotectonics of the Northwestern Caucasus

  • Published:
Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Archaeological excavations at the site of Raevskoe (northwestern Caucasus) have revealed numerous traces of seismic deformations in building structures erected in ancient times. Although only the foundation parts of the buildings and the lower rows of masonry have been preserved, tilts and collapses, extensions and reversals, and ruptures of ancient building structures are clearly visible in archaeological excavations. The most important identified deformation is the horizontal sublatitudinal displacement of the eastern city wall by 1.4 m near the southern tower. The cause for this displacement was movement along a seismogenic fault: a right-hand fault th+at came to the surface within the site at the turn of the 2nd–1st centuries BC as a result of an earthquake with M = 6.8–7.2. The second strong earthquake occurred in the middle of the 1st century AD. In buildings of Roman age destroyed by the second earthquake, besides seismic inertial deformations, there are also small submeridional horizontal breaks in the foundation parts of the masonry: right-hand shifts with an amplitude of the first tens of centimeters. The cause of the second seismic event could be also movements along the seismogenic fault, which is expressed by an erosion–tectonic scarp with a steepness of up to 40° on the left side of the Muskaga River valley and is traced through the settlement. The data can be used to adjust the seismotectonic model and clarify the seismic hazard of the northwestern Caucasus.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.

REFERENCES

  1. Alekseeva, E.M., Antichnyi gorod Gorgippiya (The Ancient City of Gorgippia), Moscow: Editorial URSS, 1997.

  2. Alekseeva, E.M., Gorgippia: The final stage of development (late I century to III century A.D.), Drevnosti Bospora, 2015, no. 19, pp. 7–27.

  3. Anan’in, I.V., Seismichnost’ Severnogo Kavkaza (Seismicity of the Northern Caucasus), Moscow: Nauka, 1977.

  4. Beluzhenko, E.V., Upper Miocene–Eopleistocene coarse clastic deposits of Western and Central Ciscaucasia, Stratigr. Geol. Korrel., 2011, no. 5, pp. 78–95.

  5. Burbank, D.W. and Anderson, R.S., Tectonic Geomorphology, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Edemskii, D.E., Popov, A.V., Prokopovich, I.V., Degterev, A.V., and Rybin, A.V., History of georadar sounding of the soil-pyroclastic cover of southeastern Matua Island (Kuril Islands), Vestn. Kamchatskoi Reg. Assots. Uchebno-Nauchnyi Tsentr, Nauki Zemle, 2018. no. 40, no. 4, pp. 69–81.

  7. Edemskii, D.E., Tumskoi, V.E., and Ovsyuchenko, A.N., GPR sounding of sediments within a degrading polygonal microrelief in the Arctic, Kriosfera Zemli, 2021, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 55–69. https://doi.org/10.15372/KZ20210506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Edemsky, D., Popov, A., and Prokopovich, I., Geophysical survey of Tunnug mound periphery, Tuva, Russia, J. Appl. Geophys., 2021, no. 189, p. 104326.

  9. Florensov, N.A., Ocherki strukturnoi geomorfologii (Outlines of Structural Geomorphology), Moscow: Nauka, 1978.

  10. Frolova, N.A., Monetnoe delo Bospora (seredina I v. do n.e. – seredina IV v. n.e.) (The Bosporian Coinage from I Century BCE to Mid-IV Century AD), Moscow: Editorial URSS, 1997, vol. 1.

  11. Gabsatarova, I.P., Ponomareva, N.L., and Akhmedov, M.M., Features of modern seismicity in the Eastern Black Sea region, in Turistsko–rekreatsionnyi kompleks v sisteme regional’nogo razvitiya: Materialy VII Mezhdunar. nauchno–prakticheskoi konf. (Tourist and Recreational Complex in the Regional Development System: Proceedings of the VII International Scientific and Practical Conference), Krasnodar: KubGU, 2019, pp. 214–217.

  12. Geologiya i geodinamika raiona Krymskoi AES (Geology and Geodynamics of the Crimean NPP Region), Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1992.

  13. Gmyrya, L.B., Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., and Rogozhin, E.A., Probable paleoseismic deformations at the Rubas archaeological site of the middle of the 6th century, South Dagestan, Cycles of seismic activity in the second half of the Holocene in the Western Caucasus and their correlation with stages of civilization development: A case study of the upper reach of the Mzymta River, 2019, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 1547–1558. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433819100037

  14. Khromovskikh, V.S., Solonenko, V.P., Semenov, R.M., and Zhilkin, V.M., Paleoseismogeologiya Bol’shogo Kavkaza (Paleoseismogeology of the Greater Caucasus), Moscow: Nauka, 1979.

  15. Kopeikin, V.V., Morozov, P.A., Edemskiy, F.D., Edemskiy, D.E., Pavlovskii, B.R., and Sungurov, Yu.A., Experience of GPR application in oil-and-gas industry, in Proc. of the 14th Int. Conf. on Ground Penetrating Radar, Shanghai: China, 2012, vol. 3, pp. 817–819.

  16. Korzhenkov, A.M., Seismogeologiya Tyan’-Shanya (v predelakh territorii Kyrgyzstana i prilegayushchikh raionov) (Seismogeology of Tien Shan (Within Kyrgyzstan and Adjacent Regions)), Bishkek: Ilim, 2006.

  17. Korzhenkov, A.M. and Mazor, E., Structural reconstruction of seismic events: Ruins of ancient buildings as fossil seismographs, Sci. New Technol., 1999, no. 1, pp. 62–74.

  18. Korzhenkov, A.M. and Mazor, E., Structural reconstruction of seismic events: Ruins of ancient buildings as fossil seismographs, Izv. Min. Obraz. Nauki Resp. Kaz., Nats. Akad. Nauk Resp. Kaz., 2001, no. 1, pp. 108–125.

  19. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Lar’kov, A.S., Seismic deformations in the ancient city of Ilurat, Priroda, 2016a, no. 10, pp. 30–38.

  20. Korzhenkov, A.M., Kol’chenko, V.A., Luzhanskii, D.V., Abdieva, S.V., Deev, E.V., Mažeika, J.V., Rogozhin, E.A., Rodina, S.N., Rodkin, M.V., Fortuna, A.B., Charimov, T.A., and Yudakhin, A.S., Archeoseismological investigation of the Kurmenty medieval settlement site, northeastern Issyk-Kul region, Kyrgyzstan, Izv., Phys. Solid Earth, 2016b, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 154–163. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923916020055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Korzhenkov, A.M., Lar’kov, A.S., Marakhanov, A.V., Molev, E.A., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Rogozhin, E.A., and Khrshanovskii, V.A., Traces of strong earthquakes in fortress walls of the antic city of Kitei in the Kerch Peninsula, in Elita Bospora i Bosporskaya elitarnaya kul’tura: Materialy Mezhdunar. kruglogo stola (The Bosporus Elite and Its Culture: Proceedings of International Round Table), St. Petersburg: Palatstso, 2016c, pp. 372–381.

  22. Korzhenkov, A.M., Moiseev, D.A., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., Marakhanov, A.V., Rogozhin, E.A., and Emrullaev, Sh.A., Archeoseismological study in Salachik, the ancient capital of Crimean Khans, Seism. Instrum., 2016d, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 244–259. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923917030070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Korzhenkov, A.M., Deev, E.V., Luzhanskii, D.V., Ab-dieva, S.V., Agatova, A.R., Mazheika, I.V., Men’shikov, M.Yu., Rogozhin, E.A., Rodina, S.N., Rodkin, M.V., Sorokin, A.A., Fortuna, A.B., Charimov, T.A., Shen, J., and Yudakhin, A.S., Strong medieval earthquake in the northern Issyk-Kul Lake region (Tien Shan): Results of paleoseismological and archeoseismological studies, Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 2017a, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 734–747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Korzhenkov, A.M., Luzhanskii, D.V., Abdieva, S.V., Deev, E.V., Pavlis, T.L., Rogozhin, E.A., Turova, I.V., and Yudakhin, A.S., On traces of a strong earthquake in walls of the Sary-Bulun medieval sites along the great silk route (western Issyk-Kul Lake region, Northern Tien Shan), Seism. Instrum., 2017b, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 309–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., Marakhanov, A.V., Rogozhin, E.A., and Sudarev, N.I., Traces of strong earthquakes in the settlement of Mikhailovskoe (the Kerch Peninsula, Crimea), Drevnosti Bospora, 2018, no. 22, pp. 115–132.

  26. Korzhenkov, A.M., Novichikhin, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Rangelov, B.K., Rogozhin, E.A., Dimitrov, O.V., Lar’kov, A.S., and Liu, C., Search for traces of strong ancient earthquakes in the Western Caucasus: Archeoseismological studies in ancient Gorgippia, Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 2019a, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 1680–1698. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433819110069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., Rogozhin, E.A., Dimitrov, O.V., Sudarev, N.I., and Ustaeva, E.R., On traces of strong earthquakes in the ancient city of Germonassa-Tmutarakan and the structural position of their source zones, Bospor. Issled., 2019b, vol. 39, pp. 242–274.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Korzhenkov A.M., Gadzhiev M.S., Ovsyuchenko A.N., Lar’kov A.S., Rogozhin E.A. Traces of seismic activity in architectural monuments in Derbent, Dagestan, Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 2020a, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 633–656. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433820070051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Korzhenkov, A.M., Minchev, A., Tenekedjiev, V., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Dimitrov, O., Lar’kov, A.S., Rogozhin, E.A., Rangelov, B., and Strel’nikov, A.A., Seismic deformations in an early Christian monastery in the area of Djanavara, Varna, Bulgaria. Part 1: Study methods, Seism. Instrum., 2020b, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 343–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Korzhenkov, A.M., Mordvintseva, V.I., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Strel’nikov, A.A., and Lar’kov, A.S., Seismic deformations at archaeological sites, in sediments, and the relief of Mt. Opuk, Crimea, Seism. Instrum., 2021, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 637–672. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0747923921060050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kritskaya, O.Yu., Popkov, V.I., and Ostapenko, A.A., factors of sha** the Caucasus Black Sea coastal area between Anapa and Novorossiysk, Geomorfologiya, 2017, no. 4, pp. 27–34.

  32. Kryzhitskii, S.D., Construction tools, Antichnye gosudarstva Severnogo Prichernomor’ya (Antic States of the Northern Black Sea Region), Moscow: Nauka, 1984, pp. 201–204.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kryzhitskii, S.D., Arkhitektura antichnykh gosudarstv Severnogo Prichernomor’ya (The Architecture of Antic States of the Northern Black Sea Region), Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1993.

  34. Malyshev, A.A., The southeastern periphery of the Bosporus Kingdom, in ABRAU ANTIQUA: Rezul’taty kompleksnykh issledovanii drevnostei poluostrova Abrau (ABRAU ANTIQUA: Results of Integrated Studies of the Abrau Peninsula Antiquities), Tula: Grif i K, 2009, pp. 74–107.

  35. Malyshev, A.A., New findings in the chronostratigraphy of the Raevsky settlement, in ΣYMBOΛA. Antichnyi mir Severnogo Prichernomor’ya: Noveishie nakhodki i Otkrytiya (ΣYMBOΛA: The Antic World of the Northern Black Sea Region: Recent Findings and Advances), Moscow: Inst. arkheologii RAN, 2010, pp. 175–178.

  36. Malyshev, A.A. and Batchenko, V.S., Frontier in the southeast of Sindica according to data from the Raevsky settlement, Arkheol. Etnogr. Antropol. Evrazii, 2020, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 69–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Malyshev, A.A., Dryga, D.O., and Kolesnik, D.A., The tower complex of the Raevsky settlement: Some research results, Kratk. Soobshch. Inst. Arkheol., 2020. no. 258, pp. 232–244.

  38. Milanovskii, E.E., Noveishaya tektonika Kavkaza (Newest Tectonics of the Caucasus), Moscow: Nedra, 1968.

  39. Mironyuk, S.G., Kropotkin, M.P., and Bezuglova, E.V., Main types of slope processes on the shelf and continental slope of the Black Sea in the Abrau Peninsula area and assessment of their danger during engineering and geological surveys, Inzh. Izyskaniya, 2020, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 8–22.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Molev, E.A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Larkov, A.S., Potential traces of earthquakes in the ancient city of Kytaia, Kerch Peninsula, Crimea, Geod. Geodyn., 2019, no. 10, pp. 321–330.

  41. Monakhov, S.Yu., Grecheskie amfory v Prichernomor’e: Tipologiya amfor vedushchikh tsentrov–eksporterov tovarov v keramicheskoi tare (Greek Amphoras in the Black Sea Region: Typology of Amphoras from Leading Centers Exporting Goods in Ceramic Containers), Moscow: Kimmerida; Saratov: Saratov. univ., 2003.

  42. Nesmeyanov, S.A., Neostrukturnoe raionirovanie Severo-Zapadnogo Kavkaza (Neostructural Zoning of the Northwest Caucasus), Moscow: Nedra, 1992.

  43. Nesmeyanov, S.A., Shmidt, G.A., and Shcheglov, A.P., Morphostructural position of seismic dislocations on the southern slope of the Western Caucasus, Geomorfologiya, 1987, no. 3, pp. 74–78.

  44. Nikonov, A.A., On historical earthquakes and seismic potential in the Anapa region, in Seismol. byull. Ukrainy za 1993 g. (Seismological Bulletin of Ukraine for 1993), Simferopol: IG NANU, 1996, pp. 84–87.

  45. Nikonov, A.A. and Chepkunas, L.S., Strong earthquakes in the lower reaches of Kuban River, Geofiz. Zh., 1996, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 29–41.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Novichikhin, A.M., Korzhenkov, A.M., and Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Archaeoseismological research on the territory of the Gorgippia archaeological reserve in 2019, Drevnosti Bospora, 2020, vol. 25, pp. 259–287.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Onaiko, N.A., Hellenistic building of the Raevsky settlement and its place in the architecture of Bosporus, Sov. Arkheol., 1967, no. 2, pp. 155–168.

  48. Ostrovskii, A.B., Paleoseismotectonic dislocations on the Black Sea coast of the Northwestern Caucasus in connection with the assessment of the modern seismic hazard of this territory, in Kompleksnye issledovaniya Chernomorskoi vpadiny (Integrated Studies of the Black Sea Depression), Moscow: Nauka, 1970, pp. 46–58.

  49. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Men’shikov, M.Yu., Rogozhin, E.A., and Korzhenkov, A.M., Cycles of seismic activity in the second half of the Holocene in the Western Caucasus and their correlation with stages of civilization development: A case study of the upper reach of the Mzymta River, Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 2016, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 816–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Vakarchuk, R.N., Gorbatikov, A.V., Lar’kov, A.S., Rogozhin, E.A., and Sysolin, A.I., Traces of strong earthquakes in the medieval city of Fanagoria in the Taman Peninsula, Geol. Geofiz. Yuga Rossii. 2017, no. 3, pp. 78–94.

  51. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Novichikhin, A.M., Bykhalova, O.N., Rogozhin, E.A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Lar’kov, A.S., Butanaev, Yu.V., and Lukashova, R.N., Interdisciplinary dating of Utrish seismic dislocations: Localization of the source of a strong historical earthquake in the Western Caucasus, Seism. Instrum., 2020a, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 174–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Gadzhiev, M.S., Lar’kov, A.S., and Rogozhin, E.A., Seismotectonic deformation of the early medieval fortress wall of Derbent (Dagestan), Dokl. Earth. Sci., 2020b, vol. 493, no. 1, pp. 535–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Paleoseismology, Ed. McCalpin, London: Academic Press, 2007.

  54. Rogozhin, E.A., Ocherki regional’noi seismotektoniki (Outlines of Regional Seismotectonics), Moscow: IFZ RAN, 2012.

  55. Rogozhin, E.A. and Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Seismic and geologic activity of tectonically faulted structures in the Northern Caucasus, Izv., Phys. Solid Earth, 2005, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 449–461.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Rogozhin, E.A., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lutikov, A.I., Sobisevich, A.L., Sobisevich, L.E., and Gorbatikov, A.V., Endogennye opasnosti Bol’shogo Kavkaza (Endogenous Hazards of the Greater Caucasus), Moscow: IFZ RAN, 2014.

  57. Rogozhin, E.A., Gorbatikov, A.V., Stepanova, M.Yu., Kharazova, Yu.V., Sysolin, A.I., Andreeva, N.V., Pogrebchenko, V.V., Chervinchuk, S.Yu., Chen, J., Liu, J., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Lar’kov, A.S., Deep structure of the northwestern termination of the Caucasus from new geological and geophysical data, Izv., Phys. Solid Earth, 2020, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 772–788. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351320060075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Sizov, V.I., Vostochnoe poberezh’e Chernogo morya: Arkheologicheskie ekskursii (The East Coast of the Black Sea: Archeological Trips), Moscow: Tip. A.I. Mamontova i Ko, 1889.

  59. Sokolova, O.Yu., Korzhenkov, A.M., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Lar’kov, A.S., and Marakhanov, A.V., The interweaving of trade, economic and natural factors in the fate of the ancient city of Nymphaeum, in Bospor Kimmeriiskii i varvarskii mir v period antichnosti I srednevekov’ya. Torgovlya: puti – tovary – otnosheniya. XVII Bosporskie chteniya (Cimmerian Bosporus and the Barbarian World in Antiquity and Middle Ages: Trade Routes, Goods, and Relationships. XVII Bosporus Readings), Kerch, 2017, pp. 506–516.

  60. State geological map of the Russian Federation, Ser.: Caucasus, Map of quaternary formations, Sheet L-37-XXVI (Novorossiysk), Scale 1 : 200 000, compiled by Korsakov, S.G., Beluzhenko, E.V., Chernykh, V.I., Sokolov, V.V., Andreev, V.M., and Shelting, S.K., St. Petersburg: VSEGEI, 2009.

  61. Sudakova, M.S. and Vladov, M.L., Modern directions of application of ground-penetrating radar, Moscow Univ. Geol. Bull., 2018, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 219–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Tatevossian, R.E., Pletnev, K.G., Byakov, A.Yu., and Shestopalov, V.L., The Lower Kuban earthquake of November 9, 2002: A macroseismic survey, Izv., Phys. Solid Earth, 2003, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 911–922.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Trifonov, V.G. and Kozhurin, A.I., Study of active faults: Theoretical and applied implications, Geotectonics, 2010, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 510–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Trikhunkov, Ya.I., Bachmanov, D.M., Gaidalenok, O.V., Marinin, A.V., and Sokolov, S.A., Recent mountain building at the junction zone of the Northwestern Caucasus and intermediate Kerch–Taman region, Russia, Geotectonics, 2019, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 517–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Tsetskhladze, G.R., Production of amphora containers in Colchis, in Grecheskie amfory (Greek Amphoras), Saratov, 1992, pp. 90–110.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Vinokurov, N.I. and Nikonov, A.A., Total destructions of the second half of the III century AD in the Bosporus as a chronological benchmark, in Bosporskii fenomen. Problemy khronologii i datirovki pamyatnikov: Materialy Mezhdunar. nauchn. konf. (The Bosporus Phenomenon. Problems in the Chronology and Dating of Monuments: Proceedings of the International Conference), St. Petersburg: Izd. Gos. Ermitazha, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 95–103.

  67. Vitruvius M.P., De architectura libri decem, Lipsiae: Typis B.G. Teubneri, 1912; Moscow: Izd. Vsesoyuz. akad. arkhitektury, 1936.

  68. Vladov, M.L. and Starovoitov, A.V., Vvedenie v georadiolokatsiyu: Uch. Posobie (Introduction to Georadiolocation: A Teaching Book), Moscow: MGU, 2004.

  69. Vnukov, S.Yu., Prichernomorskie amfory I v. do n.e. II v. n.e. (morfologiya) (Black Sea Amphorae of from the First Century BCE to II Century AD (Morphology), Moscow: Inst. arkheologii RAN, 2003.

  70. Vnukov, S.Yu., Sinopean amphorae of the roman period, Ancient Civiliz. Scythia Siberia, 2010, no. 16, pp. 361–370.

  71. Voronin, A.Ya., Criteria for identifying the structure and functional properties of the soil profile in georadar studies using the LOZA-V georadar, Byull. Pochv. Inst. im. V.V. Dokuchaeva. 2015, no. 80, pp. 106–128.

  72. Wells, D.L. and Coppersmith, K.J., New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 1994, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 974–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Zeest, I.B., Keramicheskaya tara Bospora (Ceramic Containers of the Bosporus) Moscow: AN SSSR, 1960.

  74. Zubarev, V.G., Yartsev, S.V., Edemskii, D.E., Korzhenkov, A.M., Lar’kov, A.S., Moiseev, D.A., Ovsyuchenko, A.N., and Sysolin, A.I., Seismic factor in the history of the Belinskoe settlement (Kerch Peninsula, Crimea), Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 2022, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 840–866. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433822080096

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Archaeoseismological, structural–geomorphological, and paleoseismological studies were supported by the State Task of the Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the planned theme of the Institute of Archeology, Russian Academy of Sciences “The Black Sea and Central Asian Periphery of the Ancient World and the Nomadic Communities of Eurasia: At the Crossroads of Cultures and Civilizations,” RDW no. 122011200269-4, and georadar research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 22-12-00083.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123242, Moscow, Russia

    A. N. Ovsyuchenko, A. M. Korzhenkov, A. S. Larkov & N. V. Andreeva

  2. Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117292, Moscow, Russia

    A. A. Malyshev

  3. Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation Russian Academy of Sciences, 108840, Moscow, Troitsk, Russia

    D. E. Edemsky

  4. Tuvinian Institute for Exploration of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 667007, Kyzyl, Russia

    Yu. V. Butanayev

Authors
  1. A. N. Ovsyuchenko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. M. Korzhenkov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. A. Malyshev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. E. Edemsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yu. V. Butanayev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. S. Larkov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. N. V. Andreeva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. N. Ovsyuchenko.

Ethics declarations

The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Translated by A. Ivanov

Publisher’s Note.

Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ovsyuchenko, A.N., Korzhenkov, A.M., Malyshev, A.A. et al. Seismic Deformations at the Ancient Settlement of Raevskoe and Seismotectonics of the Northwestern Caucasus. Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 59, 926–958 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433823080029

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433823080029

Keywords:

Search

Navigation