SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2005

  • Perspective
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 01 March 2006

This article has been updated

Abstract

Since the first assessments in 1989, the complexity of the linkages between ozone depletion, UV-B radiation and climate change has become more apparent. This makes it even clearer than before that we are dealing with long-term developments, which can be complicated by large year-to-year variability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

References

  1. G. C. Reinsel, A. J. Miller, E. C. Weatherhead, L. E. Flynn, R. M. Nagatani, G. C. Tiao and D. J. Wuebbles, Trend analysis of total ozone data for turnaround and dynamical contributions, J. Geophys. Res., 2005, 110, D16306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. P. Had**icolaou and J. Pyle, The impact of Arctic ozone depletion on northern middle latitudes: Interannual variability and dynamical control, J. Atmos. Chem., 2004, 47, 25–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. P. Had**icolaou, J. A. Pyle and N. R. P. Harris, The recent turnaround in stratospheric ozone over northern middle latitudes: A dynamical modeling perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L12821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Rex, R. J. Salawitch, P. von der Gathen, N. R. P. Harris, M. P. Chipperfield and B. Naujokat, Arctic ozone loss and climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2004, 31, L04116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. B. Weatherhead, A. Tanskanen and A. Stevermer, Atmospheric Ozone and UV radiation, in Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, ed. C. Symon and B. Heal, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, 2005, pp. 151–185.

    Google Scholar 

  6. B. M. Knudsen, N. R. P. Harris, S. B. Andersen, B. Christiansen, N. Larsen, M. Rex and B. Naujokat, Extrapolating future Arctic ozone losses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2004, 4, 1849–1856.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. G. Zeng and J. A. Pyle, Influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation on stratosphere/troposphere exchange and the global tropospheric ozone budget, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L01814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. P. E. Huck, A. J. McDonald, G. E. Bodeker and H. Struthers, Inter-annual variability in Antarctic ozone depletion controlled by planetary waves and polar temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L13819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Rind, J. Perlwitz and P. Lonergan, AO/NAO response to climate change: 1. Respective influences of stratospheric and tropospheric climate changes, J. Geophys. Res., 2005, 110, D12107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. D. Rind, J. Perlwitz, P. Lonergan and J. Lerner, AO/NAO response to climate change: 2. Relative importance of low- and high-latitude temperature changes, J. Geophys. Res., 2005, 110, D12108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. S. H. E. Hare, L. J. Gray, W. A. Lahoz, A. O’Neill and L. Steenman-Clark, Can stratospheric temperature trends be attributed to ozone depletion?, J. Geophys. Res., 2004, 109, D05111.

    Google Scholar 

  12. U. Langematz, J. L. Grenfell, K. Matthes, P. Mieth, M. Kunze, B. Steil and C. Brühl, Chemical effects in 11-year solar cycle simulations with the Freie Universität Berlin Climate Middle Atmosphere Model with online chemistry (FUB-CMAM-CHEM), Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L13803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Y. Kuroda and K. Kodera, Solar cycle modulation of the Southern Annular Mode, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L13802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. C. E. Randall, V. L. Harvey, G. L. Manney, Y. Orsolini, M. Codrescu, C. Sioris, S. Brohede, C. S. Haley, L. L. Gordley, J. M. Zawodny and J. M. Russell, III, Stratospheric effects of energetic particle precipitation in 2003-2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L05802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. K. Tourpali, C. J. E. Schuurmans, R. van Dorland, B. Steil, C. Bruhl and E. Manzini, Solar cycle modulation of the Arctic Oscillation in a chemistry-climate model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L17803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. G. Rohen, C. von Savigny, M. Sinnhuber, E. J. Llewellyn, J. W. Kaiser, C. H. Jackman, M.-B. Kallenrode, J. Schroter, K.-U. Eichmann, H. Bovensmann and J. P. Burrows, Ozone depletion during the solar proton events of October/November 2003 as seen by SCIAMACHY, J. Geophys. Res., 2005, 110, A09S39.

    Google Scholar 

  17. S. K. Solanki, I. G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schüssler and J. Beer, Solanki et al. reply to: R. Muscheler et al. doi:10.1038/nature04045 (2005), Nature, 2005, 436, E4–E5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. S. K. Solanki, I. G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schüssler and J. Beer, Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years, Nature, 2004, 431, 1084–1087.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. R. Muscheler, F. Joos, S. A. Müller and I. Snowball, How unusual is today’s solar activity? Arising from: S. K. Solanki, I. G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schüssler and J. Beer, Nature, 2004, 431, 1084–1087, Nature, 2005, 436, E3–E4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. A. F. Bais, A. Kazantzidis, S. Kazadzis, D. S. Balis, C. S. Zerefos and C. Meleti, Deriving an effective aerosol single scattering albedo from spectral surface UV irradiance measurements, Atmos. Environ., 2005, 39, 1093–1102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. R. W. Bergstrom, P. Pilewskie, J. Pommier, M. Rabbette, P. B. Russell, B. Schmid, J. Redemann, A. Higurashi, T. Nakajima and P. K. Quinn, Spectral absorption of solar radiation by aerosols during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 2004, 109, D19S15.

    Google Scholar 

  22. C. D. Goering, T. S. L’Ecuyer, G. L. Stephens, J. R. Slusser, G. Scott, J. Davis, J. C. Barnard and S. Madronich, Simultaneous retrievals of column ozone and aerosol optical properties from direct and diffuse solar irradiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2005, 110, D05204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. N. A. Krotkov, P. K. Bhartia, J. R. Herman, J. R. Slusser, G. R. Scott, G. J. Labow, A. P. Vasilkov, T. Eck, O. Doubovik and B. N. Holben, Aerosol ultraviolet absorption experiment (2002 to 2004), part 2: Absorption optical thickness, refractive index, and single scattering albedo, Optic. Eng., 2005, 44, 18–34.

    Google Scholar 

  24. N. A. Krotkov, P. K. Bhartia, J. R. Herman, J. R. Slusser, G. J. Labow, G. R. Scott, G. T. Janson, T. Eck and B. N. Holben, Aerosol ultraviolet absorption experiment (2002 to 2004), part 1: Ultraviolet multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer calibration and intercomparison with CIMEL sunphotometers, Optic. Eng., 2005, 44, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  25. D. Meloni, A. di Sarra, J. R. Herman, F. Monteleone and S. Piacentino, Comparison of ground-based and Total Ozone Map** Spectrometer erythemal UV doses at the island of Lampedusa in the period 1998-2003: Role of tropospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2005, 110, D01202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. A. Arola, S. Kazadzis, N. Krotkov, A. F. Bais, J. Gröbner and J. R. Herman, Assessment of TOMS UV bias due to absorbing aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 2005, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  27. A. Lindfors and L. Vuilleumier, Erythemal UV at Davos (Switzerland), 1926-2003, estimated using total ozone, sunshine duration, and snow depth, J. Geophys. Res., 2005, 110, D02104.

    Google Scholar 

  28. P. N. den Outer, H. Slaper and R. B. Tax, UV radiation in the Netherlands: Assessing long-term variability and trends in relation to ozone and clouds, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2005, 110, D02203.

    Google Scholar 

  29. A. V. Lindfors, A. Arola, J. Kaurola, P. Taalas and T. Svenoe, Long-term erythemal UV doses at Sodankyla estimated using total ozone, sunshine duration, and snow depth, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2003, 108, 4518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. O. Engelsen, G. H. Hansen and T. Svenoe, Long-term (1936-2003) ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation doses at a north Norwegian location in spring on the basis of total ozone and cloud cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2004, 31, L12103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. K. Garane, F. Bais Alkiviadis, K. Tourpali, C. Meleti, C. S. Zerefos and S. Kazadzis, Variability of spectral UV irradiance at Thessaloniki, Greece, from 15 years measurements, in Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects V, ed. G. Bernhard, J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman and W. Gao, SPIE, San Diego, USA, 2005, vol. 5886.

  32. N. Y. Chubarova, Y. I. Nezval, J. Verdebout, N. Krotkov and J. Herman, Long-term UV irradiance changes over Moscow and comparisons with UV estimates from TOMS and METEOSAT, in Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects V, ed. G. Bernhard, J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman and W. Gao, SPIE, San Diego, USA, 2005, vol. 5886, pp. 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  33. M. Wild, H. Gilgen, A. Roesch, A. Ohmura, C. N. Long, E. G. Dutton, B. Forgan, A. Kallis, V. Russak and A. Tsvetkov, From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth’s surface, Science, 2005, 308, 847–850.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. G. Bernhard, C. R. Booth and J. C. Ehramjian, Version 2 data of the National Science Foundation’s Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring Network: South Pole, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2004, 109, D21207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. R. L. McKenzie, G. E. Bodeker, P. V. Johnston and M. Kotkamp, Long term changes in summertime UV radiation in New Zealand in response to ozone change, in Proceedings of the XX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, ed. C. S. Zerefos, International Ozone Commission, Kos, Greece, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 257–258.

    Google Scholar 

  36. R. E. M. Griffin, Detection and measurement of total ozone from stellar spectra: Paper 2. Historic data from 1935-42, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc., 2005, 5, 10925–10946.

    Google Scholar 

  37. R. E. M. Griffin, The detection and measurement of Telluric ozone from stellar spectra, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac., 2005, 117, 885–894.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. R. E. M. Griffin, V. Fioletov and J. C. McConnel, Measurements of historical total ozone from the Chalogne-DIvan stellar spectrum programme: Paper 1. A reanalysis of the 1953-72 data and a comparison with the simultaneous Dobson Arosa measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 2005, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  39. S. Huttunen, N. M. Lappalainen and J. Turunen, UV-absorbing compounds in subarctic herbarium bryophytes, Environ. Pollut., 2005, 133, 303–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Huttunen, T. Taipale, N. M. Lappalainen, E. Kubin, K. Lakkala and J. Kaurola, Environmental specimen bank samples of Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens as indicators of the radiation environment at the surface, Environ. Pollut., 2005, 133, 315–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. E. Verleyen, D. A. Hodgson, K. Sabbe and W. Vyverman, Late Holocene changes in ultraviolet raediation pentration recorded in an East Antarctic lake, J. Paleolimnol., 2005, 34, 191–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. D. A. Hodgson, E. Verleyen, K. Sabbe, A. H. Squier, B. J. Keely, M. J. Leng, K. M. Saunders and W. Vyverman, Late Quaternary climate-driven environmental change in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, multi-proxy evidence from a lake sediment core, Quat. Res., 2005, 64, 83–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. V. V. Zuev and S. L. Bondarenko, Reconstruction of multicentennial behavior of the total ozone content based on dendrochronological data, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2003, 393, 1120–1123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. K. R. Briffa, T. J. Osborn and F. H. Schweingruber, Large-scale temperature inferences from tree rings: a review, Glob. Planet Change, 2004, 40, 11–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Bill, M. E. Conrad and A. H. Goldstein, Stable carbon isotope composition of atmospheric methyl bromide, J. Geophys. Res., 2004, 31, L04109.

    Google Scholar 

  46. M. L. Cox, G. A. Sturrock, P. J. Fraser, S. T. Siems and P. B. Krummel, Pages: Identification of regional sources of methyl bromide and methyl iodide from AGAGE observations at Cape Grim, Tasmania, J. Atmos. Chem., 2005, 50, 59–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. P. G. Simmonds, R. G. Derwent, A. J. Manning, P. J. Fraser, P. B. Krummel, S. O’Doherty, R. G. Prinn, D. M. Cunnold, B. R. Miller, H. J. Wang, D. B. Ryall, L. W. Porter, R. F. Weiss and P. K. Salameh, AGAGE observations of methyl bromide and methyl chloride at Mace Head, Ireland, and Cape Grim, Tasmania, 1998-2001, J. Atmos. Chem., 2005, 47, 243–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. K. R. Redeker, K. K. Treseder and M. F. Allen, Ectomycorrhizal fungi: A new source of atmospheric methyl halides?, Glob. Change Biol., 2004, 10, 1009–1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. F. Keppler, R. M. Kalin, D. B. Harper, W. C. McRoberts and J. T. G. Hamilton, Carbon isotope anomaly in the major plant C1 pool and its global biogeochemical implications, Biogeoscience, 2004, 1, 123–131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. K. Kourtidis, Transfer of organic Br and Cl from the biosphere to the atmosphere during the Cretaceous/Tertiary Impact: Implications for the stratospheric ozone layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc., 2004, 4, 6769–6787.

    Google Scholar 

  51. R. v. Glasow, R. v. Kuhlmann, M. G. Lawrence, U. Platt and P. J. Crutzen, Impact of reactive bromine chemistry in the troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2004, 4, 2481–2497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. O. W. Wingenter, K. B. Haase, P. Strutton, G. Friederich, S. Meinardi, D. R. Blake and F. S. Rowland, Changing concentrations of CO, CH4, C5H8, CH3Br, CH3I, and dimethyl sulfide during the southern ocean iron enrichment experiments, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2004, 101, 8537–8541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. K. R. Redeker, S. L. Manley, L. Brothers, K. McDuffee, M. Walser and R. J. Cicerone, Seasonal mass balance of halogens in simulated rice paddies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2004, 31, L11504.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. E. De Vries, M. Louwman, M. Bastiaens, F. de Gruijl and J. Coebergh, Rapid and continuous increases in incidence rates of basal cell carcinoma in the southeast Netherlands since 1973, J. Invest. Dermatol., 2004, 123, 634–638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. L. J. Christenson, T. A. Borrowman, C. M. Vachon, M. M. Tollefson, C. C. Otley, A. L. Weaver and R. K. Roenigk, Incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a population younger than 40 years, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 2005, 294, 681–690.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. B. L. Diffey, The future incidence of cutaneous melanoma within the UK, Br. J. Dermatol., 2004, 151, 868–872.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. I. McDermid, Cancer incidence projections Australia 2002 to 2011, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australasian Association of Cancer Registries and the National Cancer Strategies Group, Report No. 30, Canbera, Australia, August 2005, p. 166.

    Google Scholar 

  58. E. De Vries, L. V. van de Poll-Franse, W. J. Louwman, F. R. de Gruijl and J. W. W. Coebergh, Prediction of skin cancer incidence in the Netherlands up to 2015, Br. J. Dermatol., 2005, 152, 481–488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. E. C. De Fabo, F. P. Noonan, T. Fears and G. Merlino, Ultraviolet B but not ultraviolet A initiates melanoma, Cancer Res., 2004, 64, 6372–6376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. D. H. Sliney, Exposure geometry and spectral environment determine photobiological effects on the human eye, Photochem. Photobiol., 2005, 81, 483–489.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. A. V. Parisi and N. Downs, Variation of the enhanced biologically damaging solar UV due to clouds, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2004, 3, 643–647.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. A. V. Parisi and N. Downs, Cloud cover and horizontal plane eye damaging solar UV exposures, Int. J. Biometeorol., 2004, 49, 130–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. N. Di Girolamo, M. Coroneo and D. Wakefield, Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling is partially responsible for the increased matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in ocular epithelial cells after UVB radiation, Am. J. Pathol., 2005, 167, 489–503.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. J. S. Paula, F. Thorn and A. A. Cruz, Prevalence of pterygium and cataract in indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon rain forest, Eye, 2005, DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701917.

    Google Scholar 

  65. M. Al Bdour and M. M. Al Latayfeh, Risk factors for pterygium in an adult Jordanian population, Acta Opthalmol. Scand., 2004, 82, 64–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. H. C. Kau, C. C. Tsai, W. M. Hsu, J. H. Liu and Y. H. Wei, Genetic polymorphism of hOGG1 and risk of pterygium in Chinese, Eye, 2004, 18, 635–639.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. D. Reisman, J. W. McFadden and G. Lu, Loss of heterozygosity and p53 expression in pterygium, Cancer Lett., 2004, 206, 77–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. L. Wang, W. Dai and L. Lu, Ultraviolet irradiation-induced K(+) channel activity involving p53 activation in corneal epithelial cells, Oncogene, 2005, 24, 3020–3027.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. K. E. Smedby, H. Hjalgrim, M. Melbye, A. Torrang, K. Rostgaard, L. Munksgaard, J. Adami, M. Hansen, A. Porwit-MacDonald, B. A. Jensen, G. Roos, B. B. Pederson, C. Sundstrom, B. Glimelius and H. O. Adami, Ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of malignant lymphoma, J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 2005, 97, 199–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. A. M. Hughes, B. K. Armstrong, C. M. Vajdic, J. Turner, A. E. Grulich, L. Fritschi, S. Milliken, J. Kaldor, G. Benke and A. Kricker, Sun exposure may protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case-control study, Int. J. Cancer, 2004, 112, 865–871.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. E. M. John, G. G. Schwartz, J. Koo, D. Van Den Berg and S. A. Ingles, Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and risk of advanced prostate cancer, Cancer Res., 2005, 65, 5470–5470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. M. Berwick, B. K. Armstrong, L. Ben-Porat, J. Fine, A. Kricker, C. Eberle and R. Barnhill, Sun exposure and mortality from melanoma, J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 2005, 97, 195–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. E. A. Platz, M. F. Leitzmann, B. W. Hollis, W. C. Willett and E. Giovannucci, Plasma 1,25-dihydroxy- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and subsequent risk of prostate cancer, Cancer Causes Control, 2004, 152, 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  74. D. Bodiwala, C. J. Luscombe, M. E. French, S. Liu, M. F. Saxby, P. W. Jones, A. A. Fryer and R. C. Strange, Polymorphoisms in the vitamin D receptor gene, ultraviolet radiation, and susceptibility to prostate cancer, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2004, 43, 121–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. M. Berwick and D. Kesler, Ultraviolet radiation exposure, vitamin D, and cancer, Photochem. Photobiol., 2005, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  76. B. Dawson-Hughes, R. P. Heaney, M. F. Holick, P. Lips, P. J. Meunier and R. Vieth, Estimates of optimal vitamin D status, Osteoporosis Int., 2005, 16, 713–716.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. O. Gillie, Sunlight robbery: Health benefits of sunlight are denied by current public health policy in the UK, Health Research Forum Occasional Reports 1, 1-42, www.healthresearchforum.org.uk/reports/sunlightrobbery.pdf, accessed September 20, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  78. W. B. Grant and M. F. Holick, Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: A review, Alt. Med. Rev., 2005, 10, 94–111.

    Google Scholar 

  79. T. J. Green, C. M. Skeaff, J. E. Rockell, J. R. Taylor and S. J. Whiting, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status New Zealand children, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004, 13(Suppl), S46.

    Google Scholar 

  80. H. Gronberg, Prostate cancer epidemiology, Lancet, 2003, 361, 859–864.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. F. Furukawa and T. Yoshimasu, Animal models of spontaneous and drug-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Autoimmunol. Rev., 2005, 4, 345–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. F. J. Burns, A. N. Uddin, F. Wu, A. Nadas and T. G. Rossman, Arsenic-induced enhancement of ultraviolet radiation carcinogenesis in mouse skin: A dose-response study, Environ. Health Perspect., 2004, 112, 599–603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. J. Parker, S. L. Klein, M. K. McClintock, W. L. Morison, X. Ye, C. J. Conti, N. Peterson, C. H. Nousari and F. A. Tausk, Chronic stress accelerates ultraviolet-induced cutaneous carcinogenesis, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2004, 519, 19–22.

    Google Scholar 

  84. T. Koda, T. Umezu, R. Kamata, K. Morohoshi, T. Ohta and M. Morita, Uterotrophic effects of benzophenone derivatives and a p-hydroxybenzoate used in ultraviolet screens, Environ. Res., 2005, 98, 40–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. L. J. Mills and C. Chichester, Review of evidence: are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment impacting fish populations?, Sci. Total Environ., 2005, 134, 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  86. K. Morohoshi, H. Yamamoto, R. Kamata, F. Shiraishi, T. Koda and M. Morita, Estrogenic activity of 37 components of commercial sunscreen lotions evaluated by in vitro assays, Toxicol. in Vitro, 2005, 19, 457–469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. E. Gomez, A. Pillon, H. Fenet, D. Rosain, M. J. Duchesne, J. C. Nicolas, P. Balaguer and C. Casellas, Estrogenic activity of cosmetic components in reporter cell lines: Parabens, UV screens, and musks, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 2005, 68, 239–251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. S. Durrer, K. Maerkel, M. Schlumpf and W. Lichtensteiger, Estrogen target gene regulation and coactivator expression in rat uterus after developmental exposure to the ultraviolet filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, Endocrinology, 2005, 462, 130–139.

    Google Scholar 

  89. T. Suzuki, S. Kitamura, R. Khota, K. Sugihara, N. Fujimoto and S. Ohta, Estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities of 17 benzophenone derivatives used as UV stabilizers and sunscreens, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2005, 203, 9–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. A. Klann, G. Levy, I. Lutz, C. Muller, W. Kloas and J. P. Hildebrandt, Estrogen-like effects of ultraviolet screen 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor (Eusolex 6300) on cell proliferation and gene induction in mammalian and amphibian cells, Environ. Res., 2005, 97, 274–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. R. H. Schreurs, E. Sonneveld, J. H. Jansen, W. Seinen and B. van der Burg, Interaction of polycyclic musks and UV filters with the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR) in reporter gene bioassays, Toxicol. Sci., 2005, 83, 264–272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. M. Schlumpf, P. Schmid, S. Durrer, M. Conscience, K. Maerkel, M. Henseler, M. Gruetter, I. Herzog, S. Reolon, R. Ceccatelli, O. Faass, E. Stutz, H. Jarry, W. Wuttke and W. Lichtensteiger, Endocrine activity and developmental toxicity of cosmetic UV filters-an update, Toxicology, 2004, 205, 113–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. T. M. Robson, V. A. Pancotto, C. L. Ballaré, O. E. Sala, A. L. Scopel and M. M. Caldwell, Reduction of solar UV-B mediates changes in the Sphagnum capitulum microenvironment and the peatland microfungal community, Oecologia, 2004, 140, 480–490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. S. A. Robinson, J. D. Turnbull and C. E. Lovelock, Impact of changes in natural ultraviolet radiation on pigment composition, physiological and morphological characteristics of the Antarctic moss, Grimmia antarctici, Glob. Change Biol., 2005, 11, 476–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. D. G. Milchunas, J. Y. King, A. R. Mosier, J. C. Moore, J. A. Morgan, M. H. Quirk and J. R. Slusser, UV radiation effects on plant growth and forage quality in a shortgrass steppe ecosystem, Photochem. Photobiol., 2004, 79, 404–410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. S. B. M. Chimphango, C. F. Musil and F. D. Dakora, Responses to ultraviolet-B radiation by purely symbiotic and NO3-fed nodulated tree and shrub legumes indigenous to southern Africa, Tree Physiol., 2004, 24, 181–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. C. M. Correia, J. M. Moutinho Pereira, J. F. Countinho, L. O. Björn and J. M. G. Torres-Pereira, Ultraviolet-B radiation and nitrogen affect the photosynthesis of maize: a Mediterranean field study, Europ. J. Agronom., 2005, 22, 337–347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. S. Koti, K. R. Reddy, V. R. Reddy, V. G. Kakani and D. Zhao, Interactive effects of carbon dioxide, temperature, and ultraviolet-B radiation on soybean (Glycine max L.) flower and pollen morphology, pollen production, germination, and tube lengths, J. Exp. Bot., 2004, 56, 725–736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. D. Zhao, K. R. Reddy, V. G. Kakani, A. R. Mohammed, J. J. Read and W. Gao, Leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under elevated CO2 concentration and UV-B radiation, J. Plant Physiol., 2004, 161, 581–590.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. T. Teklemariam and T. J. Blake, Effects of UVB preconditioning on heat tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), Environ. Exp. Bot., 2003, 50, 169–182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. T. Teklemariam and T. J. Blake, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-induced freezing tolerance in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings treated with low, ambient levels of ultraviolet-B radiation, Physiol. Plant., 2004, 122, 244–253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. L. Chalker-Scott and J. D. Scott, Elevated ultraviolet-B radiation induces cross-protection to cold in leaves of Rhododendron under field conditions., Photochem. Photobiol., 2004, 79, 199–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. J. E. Blum, P. Casati, V. Walbot and A. E. Stapleton, Split-plot microarray design allows sensitive detection of expression differences after ultraviolet radiation in the inbred parental lines of a key maize map** population, Plant, Cell Environ., 2004, 27, 1374–1386.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. P. Casati and V. Walbot, Rapid transcriptome responses of maize (Zea mays) to UV-B in irradiated and shielded tissues, Genome Biol., 2004, 5, R16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. A. J. Richardson and D. S. Schoeman, Climate impact on plankton ecosystems in the northeast Atlantic, Science, 2004, 305, 1609–1612.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. C. S. Cockell and C. Cordoba-Jabonero, Coupling of climate change and biotic UV exposure through changing snow-ice covers in terrestrial habitats, Photochem. Photobiol., 2004, 79, 26–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. A. M. Piotrowski, S. L. Goldstein, S. R. Hemming and R. G. Fairbanks, Temporal relationships of carbon cycling and ocean circulation at glacial boundaries, Science, 2005, 307, 1933–1938.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. E. J. MacFadyen, C. E. Williamson, G. Grad, M. Lowery, W. H. Jeffrey and D. L. Mitchell, Molecular response to climate change: temperature dependence of UV-induced DNA damage and repair in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulicaria, Glob. Change Biol., 2004, 10, 408–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. W. F. Vincent, M. Rautio and R. Pientiz, Climate control of biological UV exposure in polar and alpine aquatic ecosystems, in Arctic Environmental Change, ed. J. B. Orbaek, Springer, Berlin, 2005, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  110. W. F. Vincent and C. Belzile, Biological UV exposure in the polar oceans: Arctic-Antarctic comparisons, in Antarctic Biology in a Global Context ed. A. H. L. Huiskes, W. W. C. Gieskes, J. Rozema, R. M. L. Schorno, S. M. van der Vies and W. J. Wolff, Backhuys Publ, Leiden, NL, 2003, pp. 176–181.

    Google Scholar 

  111. A. J. Cook, A. J. Fox, D. G. Vaughan and J. G. Ferringno, Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic peninsula over the past half-century, Science, 2005, 308, 541–544.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. J. E. Frederick and Y. Liao, Photosynthetically active sunlight at high southern latitudes, Photochem. Photobiol., 2005, 81, 603–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. A. D. Persaud and C. E. Williamson, Ultraviolet and temperature effects on plankton rotifers and crustaceans in northern temperate lakes, Freshwater Biol., 2005, 50, 467–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. R. Przeslawski, A. R. Davis and K. Benkendorff, Synergistic effects associated with climate change and the development of rocky shore molluscs, Glob. Change Biol., 2005, 11, 515–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. G. T. Ankley, S. J. Degitz, S. A. Diamond and J. E. Tietge, Assessment of environmental stressors potentially responsible for malformations in North American anuran amphibians, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 2004, 58, 7–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. J. M. Kiesecker, L. K. Belden, K. Shea and M. J. Rubbo, Amphibian decline and emerging disease, Am. Sci., 2004, 92, 138–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. W. J. Palen, C. E. Williamson, A. A. Clauser and D. E. Schindler, Impact of UV-B exposure on amphibian embryos: linking species physiology and oviposition behaviour, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 2005, 272, 1227–1234.

    Google Scholar 

  118. V. E. Villafañe, M. A. Marcoval and E. W. Helbling, Photosynthesis versus irradiance characteristics in phytoplankton assemblages off Patagonia (Argentina): Temporal variability and solar UVR effects, Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser., 2004, 284, 23–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. J. Cadet, E. E. Sage and T. Douki, Ultraviolet radiation-mediated damage to cellular DNA, Mutat. Res., 2005, 571, 3–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. A. Kumar, M. B. Tyagi and P. N. Jha, Evidences showing ultraviolet-B radiation-induced damage of DNA in cyanobacteria and its detection by PCR assay, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 318, 1025–1030.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. D.-P. Häder and R. P. Sinha, Solar ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage in aquatic organisms: potential environmental impact, Mutat. Res., 2005, 571, 221–233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. G. P. Pfeifer, Y.-H. You and A. Besaratinia, Mutations induced by ultraviolet light, Mutat. Res., 2005, 71, 19–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. S. Braatsch and G. Klug, ORF90, a gene required for photoreactivation in Rhodobacter capsulatus SB 1103 encodes a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase, Photosynth. Res., 2004, 79, 167–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. S. Y. Yun and Y. N. Lee, Purification and some properties of superoxide dismutase from Deinococcus radiophilus, the UV-resistant bacterium, Extremophiles, 2004, 8, 237–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. J. P. Smol, A. P. Wolfe, H. J. B. Birks, M. S. V. Douglas, V. J. Jones, A. Korhola, R. Pienitz, K. Rühland, S. Sorvari, D. Antoniades, S. J. Brooks, M.-A. Fallu, M. Hughes, B. E. Keatley, T. E. Laing, N. Michelutti, L. Nazarova, M. Nyman, A. M. Paterson, B. Perren, R. Quinlan, M. Rautio, É. Saulnier-Talbot, S. Siitonen, N. Solovieva and J. Weckström, Climate-driven regime shifts in the biological communities of arctic lakes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2005, 102, 4397–4402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. D. O. Hessen, P. Blomqvist, G. Dahl-Hansen, S. Drakare and E. S. Lindstroem, Production and food web interactions of Arctic freshwater plankton and responses to increased DO, Arch. Hydrobiol., 2004, 159, 289–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. A. Schmittner, Decline of the marine ecosystem caused by a reduction in the Atlantic overturning circulation, Nature, 2005, 434, 628–633.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. J. P. Sachs and R. F. Anderson, Increased productivity in the subantarctic ocean during Heinrich events, Nature, 2005, 434, 1118–1121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. I. Obernosterer and R. Benner, Competition between biological and photochemical processes in the mineralization of dissolved organic carbon, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2004, 49, 117–124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. H. X. **e, O. C. Zafiriou, W. J. Cai, R. G. Zepp and Y. C. Wang, Photooxidation and its effects on the carboxyl content of dissolved organic matter in two coastal rivers in the Southeastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 4113–4119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. M. J. Pullin, S. Bertilsson, J. V. Goldstone and B. M. Voelker, Effects of sunlight and hydroxyl radical on dissolved organic matter: Bacterial growth efficiency and production of carboxylic acids and other substrates, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2004, 49, 2011–2022.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. R. Del Vecchio and N. V. Blough, Spatial and seasonal distribution of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in the Middle Atlantic Bight, Mar. Chem., 2004, 89, 169–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. N. A. Hines and P. L. Brezonik, Mercury dynamics in a small Northern Minnesota lake: water to air exchange and photoreactions of mercury, Mar. Chem., 2004, 90, 137–149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. J. D. Lalonde, M. Amyot, J. Orvoine, F. M. M. Morel, J. C. Auclair and P. A. Ariya, Photoinduced oxidation of Hg0(aq) in the waters from the St. Lawrence estuary, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 508–514.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. S. D. Siciliano, N. J. O’Driscoll, R. Tordon, J. Hill, S. Beauchamp and D. R. S. Lean, Abiotic production of methylmercury by solar radiation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 1071–1077.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. M. Kainz and A. Mazumder, Effect of algal and bacterial diet on methyl mercury concentrations in zooplankton, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 1666–1672.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. C. D. Deal, D. J. Kieber, D. A. Toole, K. Stamnes, S. Jiang and N. Uzuka, Dimethylsulfide Photolysis Rates and Apparent Quantum Yields in Bering Sea Seawater, Cont. Shelf Res., 2005, 25, 1825–1835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. G. A. Cutter, L. S. Cutter and K. C. Filippino, Sources and cycling of carbonyl sulfide in the Sargasso Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2004, 49, 555–565.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. A. A. P. Pszenny, J. Moldanov, W. C. Keene, R. Sander, J. R. Maben, M. Martinez, P. J. Crutzen, D. Perner and R. G. Prinn, Halogen cycling and aerosol pH in the Hawaiian marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2004, 4, 147–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. R. Sander, W. C. Keene, A. A. P. Pszenny, R. Arimoto, G. P. Ayers, E. Baboukas, J. M. Cainey, P. J. Crutzen, R. A. Duce, G. Honninger, B. J. Huebert, W. Maenhaut, N. Mihalopoulos, V. C. Turekian and R. Van Dingenen, Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2003, 3, 1301–1336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. J. Lee-Taylor and K. R. Redeker, Reevaluation of global emissions from rice paddies of methyl iodide and other species, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L15801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Y. Du, X. G. Guan, W. M. Kwok, L. M. Chu and D. L. Phillips, Comparison of the dehalogenation of dihalomethanes (CH2XI, where X = Cl, Br, I) following ultraviolet photolysis in aqueous and NaCl saltwater environments, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2005, 109, 5872–5882.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. X. G. Guan, Y. Du, Y. L. Li, W. M. Kwok and D. L. Phillips, Comparison of the dehalogenation of polyhalomethanes and production of strong acids in aqueous and salt (NaCl) water environments: Ultraviolet photolysis of CH2I2, J. Chem. Phys., 2004, 121, 8399–8409.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. L. Meunier, H.-U. Laubscher, S. J. Hug and B. Sulzberger, Effects of size and origin of natural dissolved organic matter compounds on the redox cycling of iron in sunlit surface waters, Aquat. Sci., 2005, 67, in press.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. M. W. Lam, C. J. Young, R. A. Brain, D. J. Johnson, M. A. Hanson, C. J. Wilson, S. M. Richards, K. R. Solomon and S. A. Mabury, Aquatic persistence of eight pharmaceuticals in a microcosm study, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 2004, 23, 1431–1440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. M. W. Lam and S. A. Mabury, Photodegradation of the pharmaceuticals atorvastatin, carbamazepine, levofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole in natural waters, Aquat. Sci., 2005, 67, 177–188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. A. L. Boreen, W. A. Arnold and K. McNeill, Triplet-sensitized photodegradation of sulfa drugs containing six-membered heterocyclic groups: Identification of an SO2 extrusion photoproduct, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 3630–3638.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. P. L. Miller and Y. P. Chin, Indirect photolysis promoted by natural and engineered wetland water constituents: Processes leading to alachlor degradation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39, 4454–4462.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Y. P. Chin, P. L. Miller, L. K. Zeng, K. Cawley and L. K. Weavers, Photosensitized degradation of bisphenol a by dissolved organic matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 5888–5894.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. A. M. McNally, E. C. Moody and K. McNeill, Kinetics and mechanism of the sensitized photodegradation of lignin model compounds, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2005, 4, 268–274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. L. A. Molot, J. J. Hudson, P. J. Dillon and S. A. Miller, Effect of pH on photo-oxidation of dissolved organic carbon by hydroxyl radicals in a coloured, softwater stream, Aquat. Sci., 2005, 67, 189–195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. L. M. Avery, R. I. L. Smith and H. M. West, Response of rhizosphere microbial communities associated with Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica) to UV radiation, Polar Biol., 2003, 26, 525–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. L. M. Avery, P. C. Thorpe, K. Thompson, N. D. Paul, J. P. Grime and H. M. West, Physical disturbance of an upland grassland influences the impact of elevated UV-B radiation on metabolic profiles of below-ground micro-organisms, Glob. Change Biol., 2004, 10, 1146–1154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. I. S. A. Isaksen, C. Zerefos, K. Kourtidis, C. Meleti, S. B. Dalsoren, J. K. Sundet, A. Grini, P. Zanis and D. Balis, Tropospheric ozone changes at unpolluted and semipolluted regions induced by stratospheric ozone changes, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2005, 111, DO2302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. R. G. Prinn, J. Huang, R. F. Weiss, D. M. Cunnold, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, A. McCulloch, C. Harth, S. Reimann, P. Salameh, O. D. S., R. H. J. Wang, L. W. Porter, B. R. Miller and K. P. B., Evidence for variability of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals over the past quarter century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L07809.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. J. L. Li, D. M. Cunnold, H. J. Wang, R. F. Weiss, B. R. Miller, C. Harth, P. Salameh and J. M. Harris, Halocarbon emissions estimated from advanced global atmospheric gases experiment measured pollution events at Trinidad Head, California, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2005, 110, D05739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. P. O. Wennberg, S. Peacock, J. T. Randerson and R. Bleck, Recent changes in the air-sea gas exchange of methyl chloroform, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2004, 31, L16112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. M. R. Manning, D. C. Lowe, R. C. Moss, G. E. Bodeker and W. Allan, Short-term variations in the oxidizing power of the atmosphere, Nature, 2005, 436, 1001–1004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. C. J. Young, M. D. Hurley, T. J. Wallington and S. A. Mabury, Atmospheric lifetime and global warming potential of a perfluoropolyether, in FLUOROS Meeting, Toronto, ON, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  160. UNEP, Case Study #16. Preparation of perfluoropolyether diols with high functionality (difunctional molecules content 99%), UNEP, Process Agents Task Force, http://www.unep.org/ozone/teap/Reports/PATF/PACS16R0.pdf, accessed September 19, 2005.

  161. H. Bösch, C. Camy-Peyret, M. P. Chipperfield, R. Fitzenberger, H. Harder, U. Platt and K. Pfeilsticker, Upper limits of stratospheric IO and OIO inferred from center-to-limb-darkening-corrected balloon-borne solar occultation visible spectra: Implications for total gaseous iodine and stratospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2003, 108, D003078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. J. G. Calvert and S. E. Lindberg, Potential influence of iodine-containing compounds on the chemistry of the troposphere in the polar spring. I. Ozone depletion, Atmos. Environ., 2004, 38, 5087–5104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. L. Matuana, M and N. M. Stark, Surface chemistry and mechanical property changes of wood-fiber/high-density polyethylene composites after accelerated weathering, J. Appl. Polymer. Sci., 2004, 94, 2263–2273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. L. Cang, D. H. Kim and A. J. Ragauskas, Brightness reversion of mechanical pulps XIX. Photostabilization of mechanical pulps by UV absorbers: Surface photochemical studies using diffuse reflectance techniques, J. Wood Chem. Technol., 2004, 20, 30–53.

    Google Scholar 

  165. K. Antos and J. Sadlar, Influence of aromatic brominated flame retardants on alkane photo-oxidation: A model and polymer study, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2005, 90, 180–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. I. H. Craig, J. R. White and P. C. Kin, Crystallization and chemi-crystallization of recycled photo-degraded polypropyrene, Polymer, 2005, 46, 505–512.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. X. Chen, J. Wang and J. Shen, Effect of UV-irradiation on poly(vinyl chrolide) modified by methyl methacrylate, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2005, 87, 527–533.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Y. Taguchi, Y. Ishida, S. Tsuge, H. Ohtani, K. Kimura, T. Yoshikawa and T. Matsubara, Structural change of a polymeric hindered amine light stabilizer in polypropylene during UV-irradiation studied by reactive thermal desorption-gas chromatography, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2004, 83, 221–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. S. Scierka, P. L. Drzal, A. L. Foster, L. Amanda and S. Svetik, Nanomechanical properties of UV-degraded TiO2/epoxy nanocomposites, in Fundamentals of Nanoindentation and Nanotribology III, ed. K. J. Wahl, N. Huber, A. B. Mann, D. F. Bahr and Y.-T. Cheng, (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 841, Warrendale, PA, 2005), R5.10 pp. 217–222.

    Google Scholar 

  170. T. Mikami, M. Watanabe and T. Furuya, Effect of temperature on weatherability test of ABS and PC, in 16th Conference of Material Life Society, Society of Materials Science, Kyoto, Japan, 2005, pp. 29–30.

    Google Scholar 

  171. J. F. Power, S. W. Fu and O. V. Nepotchatykh, Depth profiling of the optical absorption coefficient in ultraviolet-degraded poly(vinylchloride) films by dual beam laser light profile, Appl. Spectrosc., 2005, 59, 511–518.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Consortia

United Nations Environment Programme

Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Additional information

List of contributing authors in alphabetical order: Anthony Andrady, Pieter J. Aucamp, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Carlos L. Ballaré, Lars Olof Björn, Janet F. Bornman (Co-Chair), Martyn Caldwell, Anthony P. Cullen, David J. Erickson, Frank R. de Gruijl, Donat-P. Häder, Mohammad Ilyas, G. Kulandaivelu, H. D. Kumar, Janice Longstreth, Richard L. McKenzie, Mary Norval, Halim Hamid Redhwi, Raymond C. Smith, Keith R. Solomon (Secretary), Barbara Sulzberger, Yukio Takizawa, **aoyan Tang (Co-Chair), Alan H. Teramura, Ayako Torikai, Jan C. van der Leun (Co-Chair), Stephen R. Wilson, Robert C. Worrest and Richard G. Zepp.

List of contributing authors in alphabetical order: Anthony Andrady, Pieter J. Aucamp, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Carlos L. Ballaré, Lars Olof Björn, Janet F. Bornman (Co-Chair), Martyn Caldwell, Anthony P. Cullen, David J. Erickson, Frank R. de Gruijl, Donat-P.Häder, Mohammad Ilyas, G. Kulandaivelu, H. D. Kumar, Janice Longstreth, Richard L. McKenzie, Mary Norval, Halim Hamid Redhwi, Raymond C. Smith, Keith R. Solomon (Secretary), Barbara Sulzberger, Yukio Takizawa, **aoyan Tang (Co-Chair), Alan H. Teramura, Ayako Torikai, Jan C. van der Leun (Co-Chair), Stephen R. Wilson, Robert C. Worrest and Richard G. Zepp.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

United Nations Environment Programme., Environmental Effects Assessment Panel. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2005. Photochem Photobiol Sci 5, 13–24 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1039/b515670j

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b515670j

Search

Navigation