Extended Data Fig. 6: Chromosomal structural rearrangements detected in polyploid oats after polyploidization events.

a-b, Map** short reads of the A -genome diploid A. longiglumis (a) and the C-genome diploid A. eriantha (b) onto the tetraploid A. insularis genome reveals two large (>40 Mb) D/A-to-C and four C-to-D inter-genome translocations. c-d, Map** short reads of the A-genome diploid A. longiglumis (c) and the CD-genome tetraploid A. insularis (d) onto the hexaploid ‘Sanfensan’ genome reveals additional large C-to-A intergenomic translocations. e, The major C-to-D translocations (indicated by the white arrows) in A. insularis were confirmed using FISH technology with the C-genome-specific repeat Am1 (green signals) as the probe. f, Confirmation of the inversion on hexaploid chromosome 3 C by FISH. Chromosomes were stained with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). The individual C chromosomes of A. insularis and ‘Sanfensan’ were identified based on the signals generated using Am1, Oligo-5SrDNA, and Oligo-6C343 as probes. Oligo-5SrDNA (red) and Oligo-6C343 (green) gave clear hybridization signals on the short and long arms of the tetraploid 3 C, respectively, whereas both the Oligo-5SrDNA and Oligo-6C343 signals are observed on the long arm of the hexaploid 3 C, suggesting the occurrence of an intrachromosomal rearrangement. For karyoty**, at least three slides for each accession and ten chromosomes per slide were examined.

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