Abstract
Cerebral infarction is the most common type of stroke and often causes long-term disability. To investigate the genetic contribution to cerebral infarction, we conducted a case-control study using 52,608 gene-based tag SNPs selected from the JSNP database. Here we report that a nonsynonymous SNP in a member of protein kinase C (PKC) family, PRKCH, was significantly associated with lacunar infarction in two independent Japanese samples (P = 5.1 × 10−7, crude odds ratio of 1.40). This SNP is likely to affect PKC activity. Furthermore, a 14-year follow-up cohort study in Hisayama (Fukuoka, Japan) supported involvement of this SNP in the development of cerebral infarction (P = 0.03, age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio of 2.83). We also found that PKCη was expressed mainly in vascular endothelial cells and foamy macrophages in human atherosclerotic lesions, and its expression increased as the lesion type progressed. Our results support a role for PRKCH in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the residents of Hisayama and the patients with cerebral infarction for their participation; T. Omae and the staff of the Division of Health and Welfare of Hisayama for their cooperation and many members of the Hisayama study for assistance. For collecting clinical samples, we thank T. Ago, H. Ooboshi, M. Kamouchi, H. Sugimori, J. Kuroda, Y. Kumai, N. Hagiwara and S. Yoshimura (Kyushu University Hospital); K. Tamaki and Y. Wakugawa (Hakujyuji Hospital); K. Fujii (Fukuoka Red Cross Hospital); Y. Okada and K. Toyoda (National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center); T. Nagao (Imazu Red Cross Hospital); H. Nakane (National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka Higashi Medical Center) and Y. Yamashita and K. Kusuda (Seiai Rehabilitation Hospital). We thank K. Chida (Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo) for technical advice. This study was supported in part by a Special Coordination Fund for Promoting Science and a Fund for Technology and Innovative Development Project in Life Sciences from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
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M.K., J.H., T.M. and K. Yamazaki performed SNP genoty**; T. Ninomiya and K. Yonemoto provided Hisayama samples and carried out statistical analyses; T. Nakano and K.S. performed immunohistochemical experiments; M.K., K. Yamazaki and K.M. performed protein blotting experiments; Y.O. and S.S. performed genoty** of genome-wide screening samples; T.K. and S.I. provided clinical information and samples of individuals with cerebral infarction; Y.N. provided BioBank Japan samples; M.K. performed all other experiments and wrote the manuscript with contributions from K.S., Y.N. and Y.K.; T. Ninomiya, K. Yonemoto, Y.K. helped with revisions and M.I., Y.N. and Y.K. jointly directed the project.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Fig. 1
Stratification analysis of screening samples. (PDF 628 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 2
Kaplan-Meier estimate of the incidence of lacunar infarction by 1425G→A genotype in the Hisayama study. (PDF 574 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 3
Age- and sex-adjusted cumulative incidence of coronary heart disease by 1425G→A genotype in the Hisayama study. (PDF 571 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 4
Relative mRNA expression of PKCη in various human tissues. (PDF 620 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 5
Flow diagram of the study. (PDF 609 kb)
Supplementary Table 1
Case-control association results of 45 SNPs in PRKCH for lacunar infarction. (PDF 126 kb)
Supplementary Table 2
Multivariate logistic analysis of nonsynonymous SNPs in PRKCH among cases with lacunar infarction and age- and sex-matched controls. (PDF 118 kb)
Supplementary Table 3
Clinical characteristics of the study population in the case-control study. (PDF 114 kb)
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Kubo, M., Hata, J., Ninomiya, T. et al. A nonsynonymous SNP in PRKCH (protein kinase C η) increases the risk of cerebral infarction. Nat Genet 39, 212–217 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1945
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1945
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