Abstract
Detailed discussion of the FLAME data at individual country level is included in other papers in this volume but some aspects of the analyses and data interpretation are best discussed on a broader level and that is the aim of this paper. The spatial distribution of fly-ash particles in the participating countries shows good agreement with expected sources and this implies that the majority of particulates travel less than 100 km from their source although lower concentrations of particles were detected at all sample sites. Areas of elevated concentration mostly coincide with population centres and imply possible impacts on human health by fine particulates (e.g. PM10) from fossil-fuel sources in these areas. Problems with the particle characterisation, developed within the FLAME project, include difficulties in allocation due to the overlap between coal-series fuels and the presence of a 'mineral coal' background at lake sites thought to be due to persistent sediment minerals surviving the chemical pre-treatment and becoming allocated to coal. This leads to implications for the inclusion of further fuels into the classification and the application of the technique to the same fuels beyond Europe. The combination of lake sediment SCP data and sediment and moss metals data can also provide an indication of the impact from anthropogenic contamination at a site and probable source types. Comparison with previous moss analyses from 1990 show that metal concentrations in central Europe may have decreased but levels in the UK have shown little change. Finally, comparisons of FLAME data with the EMEP model for pollutant budgets across Europe generally show good agreement for pathways, although further work is needed in receptor countries for additional confirmation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alliksaar, T. and Punning, J-M.: this volume. Water, Air and Soil Pollut.
Barrett, K., Seland, O., Foss, A., Mylona, S., Sandnes, H., Styve, H. and Tarrason, I.: 1995, Europea transboundary acidifying air pollution. Ten years calculated fields and budgets to the end of the first sulphur protocol. EMEP/MSC-W Report 1/95.
Berg, T. and Steinnes, E.: 1997, Environ. Poll. 98, 61-71.
Berg, T. Royset, O. and Steinnes, E.: 1995, Atmas. Envir. 29, 353-360.
Bowman, J.J, and Harlock, S,: this volume, Water, Air and Soil Pollut.
Boyle, J.F., Rose, N.L., Bennion, H., Yang, H. and Applchy, P.G.: in press. Water, Air and Soil Pollut.
Cheng, R.J., Mohnen, V.A., Shen, T.T., Current, M. and Hudson, J.B.: 1976, J. Air Poll. Cont. Assoc. 26, 787-790.
Davies, T.D., Abrahams, P.W., Tranter, M., Blackwond, I., Brimblecombe, P. and Vincent, C.E.: 1984, Nature. 312, 58-61.
Dear, D. and Laird, C.: 1984, New Scientist. 22 November 1984. pp30-33.
Dockery, D.W., Speizer, F.E., Stram, D.O., Ware, J.H., Spengler, J.D. and Ferris, B.G.: 1989, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139, 587-594.
Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A., Xu, X., Spengler, J.D., Ware, J.H., Fay, M.E., Ferris, B.G. and Speizer, F.E.: 1993, New England J. Med. 329, 1753-1759.
Dore, A.J., Choularton, T.W. and Fowler, D.: 1992. Atmos. Envir. 26A, 1375-1381.
Folkeson, L.: 1979, Water, Air and Soil Pollut., 11, 253-260.
Fort, J., Vukic, J and Rose, N.L.: this volume, Water, Air and Soil Pollut.
Hawkesley, P.G.W, Badzioch, S. and Blackett, J.H.: 1961. Mesurement of solids in flue gases. British Coal Utilisation Research Association, Leatherhead 214pp.
Herpin, U., Berlekamp, J., Markert, B., Wolterbeek, B., Grodzinska, K., Siewers, U., Lieth, H. and Weckert, V.: 1996, Sci Tot. Envir. 187 , 185-198.
Hill, M.O., Preston, C.D. and Smith, A.J.E. (eds.): 1994, Atlas of bryophytes of Britain and Ireland. Volume 3. Mosses, Harley Books.
Jaenicke, R.: 1980, In: Kneip, T.J, and Lioy, P.J. (eds.) Aerosols: Anthropogenic and natural, sources and transport. New York Academy of Science, New York. 317-329.
King, A.M. and Dorling, S.: 1997, Atmos. Envir. 31, 2379-2383.
KiÁl, R, Mejstick, V. and Vwlicka, J.: 1992. Sci. Tot. Envir. 111, 125-133.
Kubin, E. and Lippo, H.: 1996, App. Geochem, 11, 155-161.
Kuik, P. and Wolterbeek, H.T.: 1995. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 84, 323-346.
Lippo, H., Poikolainen, J. and Kubin, E.: 1995, Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 85, 2241-2246.
Lyulko, I. (ed.): 1997, Environmental Pollution in Latvia. Annual Report 1996. Environmental Pollution Observation Centre. Riga. 68pp
Meikas. E. (ed.),: 1997, Keskkond 1996. Estonian Environment. Eesti Vabariigi Keskkonnaministeerium. Tallinn. 96pp
Markert, B. and Weckert, V.: 1993, Toxicol, Envir. Chem. 40, 43-56.
Markert, B., Herpin, U., Berlekamp, J. Ochimann, J., Grodzinska, K., Mankovska, B., Suchara, I., Siewers, U., Weckert, V. and Lieth, H.: 1996a, Sci. Tot. Envir. 193 , 85-100.
Markert, B., Herpin, U., Siewers, U., Berlekamp, J. and Lieth, H.: 1996b, Sci. Tot. Envir. 182 , 159-168.
Metealfe, S.E. and Whyatt, J.D.: 1995, In: Battarbee, R.W. (ed.) Acid Rain and its lmpact The Critical Loads Debate p27-36. ENSIS Publishing. London.
Natusch, D.F.S., Wallace, J.R. and Evans, C.A.: 1974, Science. 183, 202-204.
Øklan, R.H., Steinnes, E. and Økland, T.: 1997, J. Bryology. 19, 671-684.
Pekkanen, J., Timonen, K.L., Ruuskanen, J., Reponen, A. and Mirme, A.: 1997, Envir. Res. 74, 24-33.
Pope, C.A., Dockery, D.W. and Schwartz, J.: 1995, Inhalation Toxicol. 7, 1-18.
QUARG (Quality of Urban Air Review Group).: 1996, Airborne particulate matter in the United Kingdom. Department of the Environment, London.
Rose, N.L.: 1995, Sci. Tot. Envir. 160/161, 487 496.
Rose, N.L.: 1996, Envir. Pollut. 91, 245-252.
Rose, N.L., and Harlock, S.: this volume. Water, Air and Soil Pollut.
Rose, N.L., Juggins, S. and Watt, J.: 1996, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. (Series A). 452, 881-907.
Rose, N.L., Rose, C.L., Boyle, J.F., Appleby, P.G., Grimalt, J.O., Jones, VJ., Monteith, D.T. and Birks, H.J.B.: 1997, The AMAP International symposium on Environmental Pollution in the Arctic. Extended Abstract. 86-88.
Rose, L., Alliksaar, T., Bowman, J.J., Boyle, J.F, Coles, B., Fott, J., Harlock, S., Juggins, S., Punning, J-M., St. Clair-Gribble, K., Vukie, J. and Watt, J.: this volume, Water, Air and Soil Pollut.
Rose, N.L., Harlock, S. and Appleby, P.G.: submitted. Water, Air and Soil Pollut.
Ross, H.B.: 1990, Water, Air and Soil Pollut., 50, 63-76.
Ruhling, A.: 1994, Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Europe-estimation based on moss analysis. Nord 1994:9.
Kuhling, A. and Tyler, G.: 1970, Oikos 21, 92-97.
Seaton, A., MacNee, W., Donaldson, K. and Godden, D.: 1995, The Lancet. 345, 176-178.
Steinnes, E., Solberg, W., Petersen, H.M. and Wren, C.D.: 1989, Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 45, 207-218.
Steinnes, E., Rambaek, J.P. and Hanssen, J.E.: 1992, Chemosphere, 25, 735-752.
Steinnes, E., Rambaek, J.P., Hanssen, J.E. and Vogt, N.B.: 1994, Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 74, 121-140.
Stott, A.P.: 1984, Reservior sedimentation and land use change in north-west England. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Manchester.
Stryjewsk, E., Krasnodebska, B., Biala, H., Teperek, J. and Rubel, S.: 1994, Chemia Analityezna 39, 483-490.
Thoni, L., Sehnyder, N. and Krieg, F.: 1996, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 354, 703-708.
Watt, J.: this volume, Water, Air Soil Pollut.
Zechmeister, H.G.: 1995. Envir. Pollut. 89, 73-80. moss
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rose, N., Alliksaar, T., Bowman, J. et al. The FLAME Project: General Discussion and Conclusions. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 106, 329–351 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005093313010
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005093313010