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An all-embracing analytical method comprising modified QuEChERS-dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction–dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using FeGA MOF for the extraction and preconcentration of pesticides simultaneously from juice and flesh of watermelon

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Abstract

For the first time, a comprehensive analytical method based on a one-dimensional metal–organic framework comprising “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe-dispersive micro solid phase extraction-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction” was introduced in this research. Moreover, the first-ever attempt was accomplished to apply the iron–gallic acid metal–organic framework in analytical method development. The goal of the research was to analyze the pesticide content of watermelon comprehensively in its flesh and juice. Based on this, comprehensive and reliable food safety monitoring can be done. Initially, pesticides of the watermelon flesh were extracted using an mL volume of acetonitrile by vortexing. At the same time, the pesticides of watermelon juice were extracted from the juice matrix onto the sorbent particles facilitated by vortexing. The obtained acetonitrile phase was also used to desorb the analytes from the sorbent surface by vortexing. As a result, the pesticide content of both juice and flesh was extracted into the acetonitrile. The pesticide-enriched acetonitrile was then used as the disperser solvent by being merged with µL level of 1,2-dibromoethane and injection into deionized water. A cloudy solution was created as the result. Centrifugation triggered extractant at the bottom of the conical glass test tube and an aliquot of it was injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. High enrichment factors (210–400), appreciable extraction recoveries (42–80%), wide linear ranges (3.20–1000 µg kg−1), relative standard deviations in the ranges of 3.6–4.4% for intra- (n = 6) and 4.4–5.3% for inter-day (n = 3) precisions, and low limits of detection (0.43–0.97 µg kg−1), and quantification (1.42–3.20 µg kg−1) were obtained by the application of the developed method.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

FeGA MOF:

Iron–gallic acid metal–organic framework

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

DµSPE:

Dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction

EF:

Enrichment factor

ER:

Extraction recovery

FID:

Flame ionization detector

GC:

Gas chromatography

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

LR:

Linear range

QuEChERS:

Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the University of Tabriz for the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Sakha Pezhhanfar & Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  2. Engineering Faculty, Near East University, Mersin 10, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  3. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Seyed Abolfazl Hosseini-Yazdi

  4. Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

  5. Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

Authors
  1. Sakha Pezhhanfar
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  2. Mir Ali Farajzadeh
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  3. Seyed Abolfazl Hosseini-Yazdi
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  4. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
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Contributions

SP: MOF synthesis and characterization, analytical methodology, analytical analysis, and writing the manuscript. MAF: analytical methodology and editing the manuscript. SAH-Y: synthesis methodology. MRAM: analytical methodology.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mir Ali Farajzadeh.

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Pezhhanfar, S., Farajzadeh, M.A., Hosseini-Yazdi, S.A. et al. An all-embracing analytical method comprising modified QuEChERS-dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction–dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using FeGA MOF for the extraction and preconcentration of pesticides simultaneously from juice and flesh of watermelon. ANAL. SCI. 39, 1201–1214 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-023-00330-8

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