Abstract
The 5G communications needs a high-speed data rate to satisfy the real-world communication applications. Further, the network on chip (NoC) plays the major role in real-time applications, which includes data communications, multi-processors and multi-controllers. However, existing NoC systems resulted in lower data rate with higher hardware resource utilization. Therefore, this article is focused on implementation of code division multiple access-NoC (CDMA-NoC router) using ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) buffer, Round Robin Arbiter (RRA) and XY-routing algorithm. Here, TCAM used to store the data generated across input and output ports. Further, TCAM also controls the read–write operations based on route requests. Then, RRA is used to allocate the priorities to the routes based on the traffic presented in the route. Finally, XY-routing algorithm transfers the data from source devices to destination devices through generated requests. Finally, the hardware-oriented simulations are conducted using **linx-ISE software platform and software-oriented simulations are conducted using Matlab-R2020a environment. The hardware-oriented simulations revealed that the proposed CDMA-NoC router resulted in superior area, delay, power performance as compared to state-of-art routers. The networking-oriented simulations also revealed that the proposed CDMA-NoC router resulted in superior networking performance in terms of data rates, energy efficiency, network capacity, and transmitted power for 250 number of users.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig13_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig15_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig16_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42979-023-02156-7/MediaObjects/42979_2023_2156_Fig17_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
References
Mehmood F, et al. An efficient and cost effective application map** for network-on-chip using Andean condor algorithm. J Netw Comput Appl. 2022;200:103319.
Chen Y-H, et al. A VLSI chip for the abnormal heart beat detection using convolutional neural network. Sensors. 2022;22(3):796.
Manzoor M, Mir RN. PAAD (Partially adaptive and deterministic routing): a deadlock free congestion aware hybrid routing for 2D mesh network-on-chips. Microproc Microsyst. 2022;92:104551.
Yazdanpanah F, Mazayejani RA. A systematic analysis of power saving techniques for wireless network-on-chip architectures. J Syst Arch. 2022;126:102485.
Biswas AK. Using pattern of on-off routers and links and router delays to protect network-on-chip intellectual property. ACM Trans Comput Syst (TOCS). 2022.
Al-Azzwai WK, Al-Hilali AA, Jumma LF. Design and implementation 4x4 network on chip (NoC) using FPGA. Periodicals Eng Nat Sci (PEN). 2022;10(3):341–9.
Seetharaman G, Pati D. Design and area performance energy consumption comparison of secured network-on-chip with PTP and bus interconnections. J Inst Eng India Ser B 2022: 1–13.
**a Y, et al. Strict non-blocking four-port optical router for mesh photonic network-on-chip. J Semicond. 2022;43(9):092301.
Velangi R, Kerur SS. Hardware implementation and comparison of OE routing algorithm with extended XY routing algorithm for 2D mesh on network on chip. Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. Springer, Singapore, 2022. 159–171.
Kashi S, et al. A multi-application approach for synthesizing custom network-on-chips. J Supercomputing 2022: 1–23.
Florida LM, Brilly Sangeetha S, Krishna Prasad K. Optimised meta-heuristic queuing model in vlsi physical design.
Amin W, Hussain F, Anjum S. iHPSA: an improved bio-inspired hybrid optimization algorithm for task map** in Network on Chip. Microprocess Microsyst. 2022;90: 104493.
Fan W, et al. Communication and performance evaluation of 3-ary n-cubes onto network-on-chips. Sci China Inf Sci. 2022;65(7):1–3.
Gupta R, et al. Securing on-chip interconnect against delay trojan using dynamic adaptive caging. Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2022. 2022.
Kaleem M, Isnin IFB. Interval based transaction record kee** mechanism for adaptive 3D network-on-chip routing.
Imani MF, Abadal S, Del Hougne P. Metasurface-programmable wireless network-on-chip. Adv Sci. 2022;9:2201458.
Thakkar IG, et al. Hardware security in emerging photonic network-on-chip architectures. Emerging computing: from devices to systems. Springer, Singapore, 2023. pp 291–313.
Bhamidipati P, Karanth A. HREN: a hybrid reliable and energy-efficient network-on-chip architecture. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput. 2022;10(2):537–48.
Kunthara RG, et al. DAReS: deflection aware rerouting between subnetworks in bufferless on-chip networks. Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2022. 2022.
Firuzan A, Modarressi M, Reshadi M. Reconfigurable network-on-chip based Convolutional Neural Network accelerator. J Syst Arch. 2022;129:102567.
Khan K, Pasricha S, Kim RG. RACE: a reinforcement learning framework for improved adaptive control of NoC channel buffers. Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2022. 2022.
Salehnamadi MR. A novel 3D mesh-based NoC architecture for performance improvement. Majlesi J Electric Eng 2022;16(2).
Bhaskar AV. A detailed power analysis of network-on-chip. 2022 IEEE Delhi Section Conference (DELCON). IEEE, 2022.
Bhaskar AV. Estimation of power consumption in a network-on-chip router. 2022 IEEE Delhi Section Conference (DELCON). IEEE, 2022.
Singh S, Ravindra JV, Naik BR. Design and implementation of network‐on‐chip router using multi‐priority based iterative round‐robin matching with slip. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol 2022: e4514.
Funding
No funding received for this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
No conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the topical collection “Advances in Computational Approaches for Image Processing, Wireless Networks, Cloud Applications and Network Security” guest edited by P. Raviraj, Maode Ma and Roopashree H R.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Renuka, G., Anuradha, P., Reddy, P.L. et al. Implementation of TCAM Controller Enabled CDMA Network on Chip Router for High-Speed 5G Communications. SN COMPUT. SCI. 4, 740 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-02156-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-02156-7