Abstract
Wearable technology plays a significant role in our daily life as well as in the healthcare industry. The recent coronavirus pandemic has taken the world’s healthcare systems by surprise. Although trials of possible vaccines are underway, it would take a long time before the vaccines are permitted for public use. Most of the government efforts are currently geared towards preventing the spread of the coronavirus and predicting probable hot zones. The essential and healthcare workers are the most vulnerable towards coronavirus infections due to their required proximity to potential coronavirus patients. Wearable technology can potentially assist in these regards by providing real-time remote monitoring, symptoms prediction, contact tracing, etc. The goal of this paper is to discuss the different existing wearable monitoring devices (respiration rate, heart rate, temperature, and oxygen saturation) and respiratory support systems (ventilators, CPAP devices, and oxygen therapy) which are frequently used to assist the coronavirus affected people. The devices are described based on the services they provide, their working procedures as well as comparative analysis of their merits and demerits with cost. A comparative discussion with probable future trends is also drawn to select the best technology for COVID-19 infected patients. It is envisaged that wearable technology is only capable of providing initial treatment that can reduce the spread of this pandemic.
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Introduction
The whole world is going through a very critical and unprecedented situation since the recognition of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [22, 23]. During the quarantine or self-treatment period, a person/patient can be fully monitored by a doctor with the help of wearable technology. This also provides an opportunity for remote treatment and puts the healthcare workers at a lesser risk of infection. Furthermore, a study related to coronavirus transmission with skilled nursing facilities indicated that the asymptotic rate of transmission was 56% (27 out of 57), among them, 90% shows symptoms subsequently. From this scenario, it is obvious that the symptom-based screening method may fail to detect more than 50% of people affected by COVID-19. The continuous data monitoring generated by wearable technology can overcome these challenges.
The wearable technology has to be enriched for the following reasons: (i) to monitor remotely the status of the health of a coronavirus infected patients or self-quarantined individuals who are taking treatment in a personal room. (ii) Forecasting the risk of the vulnerable people who are under the critical zone regarding COVID-19. The early screening will assist in reducing the infection rate significantly. (iii) To decrease the transmission rate of infectious COVID-19 among the surgeons, caregivers, and hospital management personnel and patients of other diseases as wearable technology allows the surgeons and caregivers to check patients in real-time. (iv) To ensure service delivery of telehealth and Internet of Medical Thing (IoMT) technologies to fight against COVID-19 as without the patient data produced by wearable technology, the telehealth system, or IoMT or any other intelligent medical system cannot perform effectively.
This paper aims to describe the impact of the relevant wearable technology that helps to fight against the pandemic COVID-19. The entire review work is categorized in two directions: (i) initial symptoms monitoring systems for COVID-19 (ii) respiratory support systems for COVID-19 infected patients. All the developed systems are demonstrated in terms of types of services, working functionalities, relative cost as well as merits and demerits of the current systems. The challenges faced by existing systems as well as potential future works are also drawn.
The rest of the paper is as follows. The supportive wearable devices for assisting COVID-19 patients are reviewed in Sect. “Supportive Wearable Devices for COVID-19 Patients”. Section “Discussions” discusses the reviewed systems, their limitations, and some future directions. Finally, Sect. “Conclusion” presents the concluding remarks.
Supportive Wearable Devices for COVID-19 Patients
The reviewed wearable systems for assisting the patient affected with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) can be broadly divided into two main categories: basic symptoms monitoring systems for COVID-19 and respiratory support systems for COVID-19. While basic symptoms monitoring systems observe and identify potential coronavirus patients by monitoring health indicators such as respiration rate (RR), body temperature, pulse rate, oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2), etc., respiratory support systems such as ventilators, CPAP systems, oxygen therapy, etc. aid coronavirus infected patients on their recovery process. Figure 1 provides an overview of the wearable assistive technology for the patients infected by the novel coronavirus.
Overview of the wearable assistive technology for the patients infected with COVID-19
Basic Symptoms Monitoring Systems for COVID-19
The term wearable technology represents the intelligent electronic devices that are worn on the body for assessing, evaluating, and transferring different types of data. The data can be, for example, different types of signals related to the body and physical activity. The wearable technology performs a substantial role in the detection of COVID-19 symptoms to assist the patients infected by this novel virus. There are three signs which are considered as primary coronavirus symptoms: (i) respiratory distress/difficulty (ii) fever and (iii) coughing [54]. Assistive respiratory support systems such as the CPAP [56] are less invasive and do not require intensive care from health workers. These systems also work on a need basis as patients can be easily put off the device when they recover and re-introduced if necessary. Ventilators are still very high in demand due to various cost and production bottlenecks. Production of such systems is further bottlenecked due to the limited number of factory workers amidst the pandemic. Thus, research should be focused on not only develo** cheap alternatives to ventilators but also on faster scalable production systems.
Telemedicine, IoT, and IoMT systems can play a vital role in minimizing the risks of healthcare workers as they don’t require proximity to patients. However, the burning issues such as motion artifact, power consumption, and real-time processing need to be addressed before these systems can be utilized to their full potential. The improvement of such wearable remote monitoring systems would also facilitate the implementation of cost-effective and timely healthcare solutions that span the entirety of the management process of COVID-19 patients from early warning systems to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.
In the future, research can be focused on develo** flexible and stretchable sensing solutions for prolonged periods of use and continuous monitoring. Intelligent fabrics employing wearable sensors should also be developed as it helps to monitor all the vital symptoms regarding coronavirus. The pandemic is also affecting the mental health of the population. So, emotion-aware abilities can be integrated into IoMT solutions to monitor the mental health patients and provide necessary personalized assistance whenever necessary.
The huge amounts of data from wearable sensors can be further utilized if they are synced centrally. Centralized data syncing and data analysis will play a major role in quickly identifying affected regions and help to lower the spread of the disease. This data can be used to train efficient AI solutions that monitor and predict possible outbreaks, anomalies, and exacerbations. However, the largest impediment towards develo** such systems are the issues of data privacy, data sharing, and miss-use of data. The problem is further compounded by complex communication protocols, malicious attacks, outdated infrastructure, etc. Ethical and responsible use of these kinds of sensitive data would alleviate some of the concerns related to mass monitoring solutions such as contact tracing applications.
Also, there is a considerable social stigma towards coronavirus patients or people who are suspected of being coronavirus infected. Mass media campaigns can be organized in the future to raise public awareness regarding these issues. Further research should also be focused on creating patient-oriented systems. The developed systems should be tested on metrics such as user satisfaction, patient outcome, etc.
Conclusion
An unprecedented disaster such as the coronavirus pandemic forces us to re-think the role of technology in the operation of healthcare services. COVID-19 pandemic serves as a catalyst to prompt discussions about the importance of publicly or privately funded research well ahead of an unexpected pandemic that might happen in the future and the innovative usage of existing technology to overcome the limitations of the current management scheme of healthcare systems. Although wearable technologies demonstrate tremendous potential in dealing with infectious diseases such as the novel coronavirus, the aforementioned limitations hinder widespread adoption. While limitations such as privacy concerns require immediate attention, there is no doubt that wearable technologies can not only work as an early warning system but also as life-saving devices. When we emerge out of this crisis, it is of paramount importance that we should continue our undivided attention and research into these paradigm changes and technologies.
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This article is part of the topical collection “Advances in Computational Approaches for Artificial Intelligence, Image Processing, IoT and Cloud Applications” guest edited by Bhanu Prakash K N and M. Shivakumar.
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Islam, M., Mahmud, S., Muhammad, L.J. et al. Wearable Technology to Assist the Patients Infected with Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). SN COMPUT. SCI. 1, 320 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-020-00335-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-020-00335-4