Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to develop a membrane designed to expedite the healing process of burns and wounds. In our approach, we use Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) cultivated from a kombucha tea culture, along with gelatin to create a sustainable wound-healing membrane. From the FTIR, the functional groups of both the BNC and gelatine in the membrane were apparent. The hydrophilic nature of the membrane indicated by its contact angle of 78.4 ± 3.4° promotes skin regeneration, by facilitating cell spreading, attachment, and tissue growth. Studies on the antibacterial activity of the generated membrane have shown that it successfully inhibits the growth of bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The BNCG membrane demonstrates over 90% biocompatibility in MTT assay results validating its safe use in skin regeneration post third-degree burns. The formulated BNCG membrane shows a 95% closure rate in the L929 cell line, outperforming the control.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42824-024-00112-1/MediaObjects/42824_2024_112_Sch1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42824-024-00112-1/MediaObjects/42824_2024_112_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42824-024-00112-1/MediaObjects/42824_2024_112_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42824-024-00112-1/MediaObjects/42824_2024_112_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42824-024-00112-1/MediaObjects/42824_2024_112_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42824-024-00112-1/MediaObjects/42824_2024_112_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42824-024-00112-1/MediaObjects/42824_2024_112_Fig6_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Babac C, Kutsal T (2009) Production and Characterization of Biodegradable Bacterial Cellulose Membranes. Int J Nat Eng Sci, 3(2), 1–2 www.nobel.gen.tr
Bello AB, Kim D, Kim D, Park H, Lee SH (2020) Engineering and functionalization of gelatin biomaterials: From cell culture to medical applications. In Tissue Engineering - Part B: Reviews 26, 2, 164–180. Mary Ann Liebert Inc. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0256
Boucard N, Viton C, Agay D, Mari E, Roger T, Chancerelle Y, Domard A (2007) The use of physical hydrogels of chitosan for skin regeneration following third-degree burns. Biomaterials 28(24):3478–3488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.021
Cory G (2011) Scratch-Wound Assay. In Methods in Molecular Biology 769, 25–30. Humana Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-207-6_2
Czaja WK, Young DJ, Kawecki M, Brown RM (2007) The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. In Biomacromolecules 8, 1, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm060620d
da Gama FMP, Dourado F (2018) Bacterial NanoCellulose: What future? BioImpacts 8(1):1–3. https://doi.org/10.15171/bi.2018.01
Garcia-Orue I, Santos-Vizcaino E, Etxabide A, Uranga J, Bayat A, Guerrero P, Igartua M, de la Caba K, Hernandez RM (2019) Development of bioinspired gelatin and gelatin/chitosan bilayer hydrofilms for wound healing. Pharmaceutics 11(7):314
Krainer S, Hirn U (2021) Contact angle measurement on porous substrates: Effect of liquid absorption and drop size. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp, 619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126503
Lee KY, Buldum G, Mantalaris A, Bismarck A (2014) More than meets the eye in bacterial cellulose: Biosynthesis, bioprocessing, and applications in advanced fiber composites. Macromol Biosci 14(1):10–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201300298
Li Q, McGinnis S, Sydnor C, Wong A, Renneckar S (2013) Nanocellulose life cycle assessment. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 1(8):919–928. https://doi.org/10.1021/SC4000225/SUPPL_FILE/SC4000225_SI_001.PDF
Liang CC, Park AY, Guan JL (2007) In vitro scratch assay: A convenient and inexpensive method for analysis of cell migration in vitro. Nat Protoc 2(2):329–333. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.30
Naomi R, Bahari H, Ridzuan PM, Othman F (2021) Natural-based biomaterial for skin wound healing (Gelatin vs. collagen): Expert review. In Polymers 13, 14. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13142319
Ndlovu SP, Ngece K, Alven S, Aderibigbe BA (2021) Gelatin-based hybrid scaffolds: Promising wound dressings. In Polymers 13, 17. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172959
Paramasivan M, Kumar TSS, Chandra TS (2022) Microbial Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite-Nanocellulose Nanocomposites from Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast Pellicle of Fermented Kombucha Tea. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138144
Radev L, Fernandes MHV, Salvado IM, Kovacheva D (2009) Organic/inorganic bioactive materials part III: In vitro bioactivity of gelatin/silicocarnotite hybrids. Cent Eur J Chem 7(4):721–730. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0078-z
Ren S, Guo S, Yang L, Wang C (2022) Effect of composite biodegradable biomaterials on wound healing in diabetes. In Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 10. Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1060026
Schiros TN, Antrobus R, Farías D, Chiu YT, Joseph CT, Esdaille S, Sanchirico GK, Miquelon G, An D, Russell ST, Chitu AM, Goetz S, Verploegh Chassé AM, Nuckolls C, Kumar SK, Lu HH (2022) Microbial nanocellulose biotextiles for a circular materials economy. Environ Sci Adv 1(3):276–284. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2VA00050D
Sharma, C., & Bhardwaj, N. K. (2019). Bacterial nanocellulose: Present status, biomedical applications and future perspectives. In Mater Sci Eng C 104. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.109963
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mareeswari Paramasivan: conceptualization, data acquisition, formal analysis, writing—review and editing.
Shuvetha Priya S.: data acquisition, formal analysis, writing—original draft.
Niranjan Balaji K.: data acquisition, formal analysis, writing—original draft.
Varshini R.: data acquisition, formal analysis, writing—original draft.
Yugesh Prasanna B.: data acquisition, formal analysis, writing—original draft.
Monica Chingchuilin Gonmei: data acquisition, formal analysis, writing—original draft.
M. K. Padmanabhan: project administration, resources, funding, supervision, writing—review and editing
Roop L. Mahajan: conceptualization, project administration, resources, supervision, validation, visualization, writing, review and editing
Chithra Lekha P.: conceptualization, project administration, resources, sup, revision data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, validation, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable
Competing Interests
The authors declare competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Paramasivan, M., S, S.P., K, N.B. et al. Biopolymer-based Sustainable Membrane for Skin Regeneration. Mater Circ Econ 6, 17 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-024-00112-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-024-00112-1