Abstract
Soil aggregation, a key aspect of soil physical health, is a crucial component of agroecosystem sustainability as it affects numerous soil processes and agroecosystem productivity. Application of organic amendment (OA) plays a vital role in improving soil aggregation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive synthesis and a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge in soil aggregation in relation to OA. We first highlight factors (such as soil texture and clay mineralogy, source and type of OA, OA application rate and frequency, and OA application mode) determining the effect of OA on soil aggregation. Secondly, we review how OA regulates soil aggregation and point out that OA improves soil aggregation mainly via: (i) increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) content where OA acts as an external source of SOC, (ii) promoting soil biotic activity where OA acts as a substrate for microbes, and (iii) increasing soil hydrophobicity, thus reducing aggregate turnover. Finally, we draw reader’s attention to the complex linkages between OA quality and soil aggregation. The OA quality defined by 13C-NMR spectroscopy in terms of organic C type can explain variable effects of OA on soil aggregation better than C/N and lignin/N ratio indices. Considering organic C types, OA rich in carbohydrate C fractions tends to induce rapid but short- and medium-term effects on soil aggregation, while OA riched in aromatic C fractions barely affects soil aggregation. We conclude that soil structure can be significantly modified through better agronomic practices of OA application which will enhance soil aggregation, reduce soil erosion, and subsequently increase overall productivity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abiven S, Menasseri S, Angers DA, Leterme P (2007) Dynamics of aggregate stability and biological binding agents during decomposition of organic materials. Eur J Soil Sci 58:239–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00833.x
Abiven S, Menasseri S, Chenu C (2009) The effects of organic inputs over time on soil aggregate stability- a literature analysis. Soil Biol Biochem 41:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.09.015
Alami Y, Achouak W, Marol C, Heulin T (2000) Rhizosphere soil aggregation and plant growth promotion of sunflowers by an exopolysaccharide-producing Rhizobium sp. strain isolated from sunflower roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:3393–3398. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.8.3393-3398.2000
Albiach R, Canet R, Pomares F, Ingelmo F (2001) Organic matter components and aggregate stability after the application of different amendments to a horticultural soil. Bioresour Technol 76:125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00090-0
Amellal N, Bartoli F, Villemin G, Talouizte A, Heulin T (1999) Effects of inoculation of EPS-producing Pantoea agglomerans on wheat rhizosphere aggregation. Plant Soil 211:93–101. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004403009353
Amezketa E (1999) Soil aggregate stability: a review. J Sustain Agr 14:83–151. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v14n02_08
Annabi M, Houot S, Francou C, Poitrenaud M, Bissonnais YL (2007) Soil aggregate stability improvement with urban composts of different maturities. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:413–423. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0161
Annabi M, Le Bissonnais Y, Le Villio-Poitrenaud M, Houot S (2011) Improvement of soil aggregate stability by repeated applications of organic amendments to a cultivated silty loam soil. Agric Ecosyst Environ 144:382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.07.005
Ansari MA, Choudhury BU, Layek J, Das A, Lal R, Mishra VK (2022) Green manuring and crop residue management: effect on soil organic carbon stock, aggregation, and system productivity in the foothills of Eastern Himalaya (India). Soil Tillage Res 218:105318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105318
Artemyeva Z, Danchenko N, Kolyagin Y, Kirillova N, Kogut B (2021) Chemical structure of soil organic matter and its role in aggregate formation in haplic Chernozem under the contrasting land use variants. Catena 204:105403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105403
Ayoubi S, Karchegani PM, Mosaddeghi MR, Honarjoo N (2012) Soil aggregation and organic carbon as affected by topography and land use change in western Iran. Soil Tillage Res 121:18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.01.011
Bachmann J, Guggenberger G, Baumgartl T, Ellerbrock RH, Urbanek E, Goebel M-O, Kaiser K, Horn R, Fischer WR (2008) Physical carbon-sequestration mechanisms under special consideration of soil wettability. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 171:14–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200700054
Badia-Villas D, Gonzàlez-Pèrez JA, Aznar JM, Arjona-Gracia B, Marti-Dalmau C (2014) Changes in water repellency, aggregation and organic matter of a mollic horizon burned in laboratory: soil depth affected by fire. Geoderma 213:400–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.038
Bai N, Zhang H, Li S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zhou S, Sun H, Lv W (2019) Long-term effects of straw and straw-derived biochar on soil aggregation and fungal community in a rice–wheat rotation system. PeerJ 6:e6171. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6171
Baldock JA, Skjemstad JO (2000) Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack. Org Geochem 31:697–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00049-8
Bandyopadhyay PK, Saha S, Mani PK, Mandal B (2010) Effect of organic inputs on aggregate associated organic carbon concentration under long-term rice-wheat crop** system. Geoderma 154:379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.11.011
Barzegar AR, Yousefi A, Daryashenas A (2002) The effect of addition of different amounts and types of organic materials on soil physical properties and yield of wheat. Plant Soil 247:295–301. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021561628045
Beare MH, Hu S, Coleman DC, Hendrix PF (1997) Influences of mycelial fungi on soil aggregation and organic matter storage in conventional and no-tillage soils. Appl Soil Ecol 5:211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(96)00142-4
Benard P, Zarebanadkouki M, Brax M, Kaltenbach R, Jerjen I, Marone F, Couradeau E, Felde VJMNL, Kaestner A, Carminati A (2019) Microhydrological niches in soils: how mucilage and EPS alter the biophysical properties of the rhizosphere and other biological hotspots. Vadose Zone J 18:180211. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.12.0211
Benbi DK, Senapati N (2010) Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen stabilization in relation to residue and manure application in rice-wheat systems in northwest India. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 87:233–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-009-9331-2
Bhattacharyya R, Prakash V, Kundu S, Srivastva AK, Gupta HS, Mitra S (2010) Long term effects of fertilization on carbon and nitrogen sequestration and aggregate associated carbon and nitrogen in the Indian sub-Himalayas. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 86:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-009-9270-y
Blair N, Faulkner RD, Till AR, Korschens M, Schulz E (2006) Long-term management impacts on soil C, N and physical fertility: Part II: Bad Lauchstadt static and extreme FYM experiments. Soil Tillage Res 91:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.11.001
Blanchart E, Lavelle P, Spain AV (1990) Effects of biomass and size of Millsonia anomala (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae) on particle aggregation in a tropical soil in the presence of Panicum maximum (Gramineae). Biol Fertil Soils 10:113–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336246
Bonanomi G, Incerti G, Giannino F, Mingo A, Lanzotti V, Mazzoleni S (2013) Litter quality assessed by solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy predicts decay rate better than C/N and Lignin/N ratios. Soil Biol Biochem 56:40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.03.003
Bonanomi G, Capodilupo M, Incerti G, Gaglione SA, Scala F (2014) Fungal diversity increases soil fungistasis and resistance to microbial invasion by a non resident species. Biol Control 72:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.02.005
Bonanomi G, Gaglione SA, Antignani V, Cesarano G (2016) Unimodal pattern of soil hydrophobicity along an altitudinal gradient encompassing Mediterranean, temperate, and alpine ecosystems. Plant Soil 409:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3020-0
Bonanomi G, Gaglione SA, Cesarano G, Sarker TC, Pascale M, Scala F, Zoina A (2017) Frequent application of organic matter to agricultural soil increases fungistasis. Pedosphere 27:86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60298-4
Bonanomi G, Sarker TC, Zotti M, Cesarano G, Allevato E, Mazzoleni S (2019) Predicting nitrogen mineralization from organic amendments: beyond C/N ratio by 13C-CPMAS NMR approach. Plant Soil 441:12–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04099-6
Bossuyt H, Denef K, Six J, Frey SD, Merckx R, Paustian K (2001) Influence of microbial populations and residue quality on aggregate stability. Appl Soil Ecol 16:195–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00116-5
Bossuyt H, Six J, Hendrix PF (2005) Protection of soil carbon by microaggregates within earthworm casts. Soil Biol Biochem 37:251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.035
Bossuyt H, Six J, Hendrix PF (2006) Interactive effects of functionally different earthworm species on aggregation and incorporation and decomposition of newly added residue carbon. Geoderma 130:14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.01.005
Bronick CJ, Lal R (2005) Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124:3–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005
Bucka FB, Kölbl A, Uteau D, Peth S, Kögel-Knabner I (2019) Organic matter input determines structure development and aggregate formation in artificial soils. Geoderma 354:113881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113881
Bucka FB, Felde VJ, Peth S, Kögel-Knabner I (2021) Disentangling the effects of OM quality and soil texture on microbially mediated structure formation in artificial model soils. Geoderma 403:115213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115213
Capriel P (1997) Hydrophobicity of organic matter in arable soils: influence of management. Eur J Soil Sci 48:457–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1997.tb00211.x
Carminati A, Zarebanadkouki M, Kroener E, Ahmed MA, Holz M (2016) Biophysical rhizosphere processes affecting root water uptake. Ann Bot 118:561–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw113
Cartenì F, Sarker TC, Bonanomi G, Cesarano G, Esposito A, Incerti G, Mazzoleni S, Lanzotti V, Giannino F (2018) Linking plant phytochemistry to soil processes and functions: the usefulness of 13C NMR spectroscopy. Phytochem Rev 17:815–832. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9560-6
Chaudhary VB, Bowker MA, O’Dell TE, Grace JB, Redman AE, Rillig MC, Johnson NC (2009) Untangling the biological contributions to soil stability in semiarid shrublands. Ecol Appl 19:110–122. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2076.1
Chen X, Li Z, Liu M, Jiang C, Che Y (2015) Microbial community and functional diversity associated with different aggregate fractions of a paddy soil fertilized with organic manure and/or NPK fertilizer for 20 years. J Soil Sediment 15:292–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0981-6
Chivenge P, Vanlauwe B, Gentile R, Six J (2011) Organic resource quality influences short-term aggregate dynamics and soil organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation. Soil Biol Biochem 43:657–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.002
Choudhury SG, Srivastava S, Singh R, Chaudhari SK, Sharma DK, Singh SK, Sarkar D (2014) Tillage and residue management effects on soil aggregation, organic carbon dynamics and yield attribute in rice-wheat crop** system under reclaimed sodic soil. Soil Tillage Res 136:76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.10.001
Coppens F, Garnier P, De Gryze S, Merckx R, Recous S (2006a) Soil moisture, carbon and nitrogen dynamics following incorporation and surface application of labelled crop residues in soil columns. Eur J Soil Sci 57:894–905. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00783.x
Coppens F, Merckx R, Recous S (2006b) Impact of crop residue location on carbon and nitrogen distribution in soil and in water-stable aggregates. Eur J Soil Sci 57:570–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00825.x
Cornwell WK, Cornelissen JHC, Amatangelo K, Dorrepaal E, Eviner VT, Godoy O, Hobbie SE, Hoorens B, Kurokawa H, Pérez-Harguindeguy N (2008) Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Ecol Lett 11:1065–1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01219.x
Cosentino D, Chenu C, Le Bissonnais Y (2006) Aggregate stability and microbial community dynamics under drying-wetting cycles in a silt loam soil. Soil Biol Biochem 38:2053–2062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.022
Dai H, Chen Y, Liu K, Li Z, Qian X, Zang H, Yang X, Zhao SY, Li Z, Sui P (2019) Water-stable aggregates and carbon accumulation in barren sandy soil depend on organic amendment method: a three-year field study. J Clean Prod 212:393–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.013
de Blas E, Rodríguez-Alleres M, Almendros G (2010) Speciation of lipid and humic fractions in soils under pine and eucalyptus forest in northwest Spain and its effect on water repellency. Geoderma 155:242–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.007
De Gryze S, Six J, Brits C, Merckx R (2005) A quantification of short-term macroaggregate dynamics: influences of wheat residue input and texture. Soil Biol Biochem 37:55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.024
De Kimpe C, Laverdière M, Martel Y (1979) Surface area and exchange capacity of clay in relation to the mineralogical composition of gleysolic soils. Can J Soil Sci 59:341–347. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss79-039
Deeb M, Desjardins T, Podwojewski P, Pando A, Blouin M, Lerch TZ (2017) Interactive effects of compost, plants and earthworms on the aggregations of constructed Technosols. Geoderma 305:305–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.06.014
Diacono M, Montemurro F (2010) Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A Review. Agron Sustain Dev 30:401–422. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009040
Doerr SH, Shakesby RA, Walsh R (2000) Soil water repellency: its causes, characteristics and hydro-geomorphological significance. Earth-Sci Rev 51:33–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00011-8
Dong X, Guan T, Li G, Lin Q, Zhao X (2016) Long-term effects of biochar amount on the content and composition of organic matter in soil aggregates under field conditions. J Soil Sediment 16:1481–1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1338-5
Du ZL, Wu WL, Zhang QZ, Guo YB, Meng FQ (2014) Long-term manure amendments enhance soil aggregation and carbon saturation of stable pools in North China plain. J Integr Agric 13:2276–2285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60823-6
Du ZL, Zhao JK, Wang YD, Zhang QZ (2016) Biochar addition drives soil aggregation and carbon sequestration in aggregate fractions from an intensive agricultural system. J Soil Sediment 17:581–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1349-2
Elliott ET (1986) Aggregate structure and carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in native and cultivated soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 50:627–633. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030017x
Felde VJ, Schweizer SA, Biesgen D, Ulbrich A, Uteau D, Knief C, Graf-Rosenfellner M, Kögel-Knabner I, Peth S (2020) Wet sieving versus dry crushing: soil microaggregates reveal different physical structure, bacterial diversity and organic matter composition in a clay gradient. Eur J Soil Sci 72:810–828. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13014
Fernández-Ugalde O, Barré P, Hubert F, Virto I, Girardin C, Ferrage E, Caner L, Chenu C (2013) Clay mineralogy differs qualitatively in aggregate-size classes: clay-mineral-based evidence for aggregate hierarchy in temperate soils. Eur J Soil Sci 64:410–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12046
Flavel TC, Murphy DV (2006) Carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates after application of organic amendments to soil. J Environ Qual 35:183–193. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0022
Frazão J, de Goede RG, Capowiez Y, Pulleman MM (2019) Soil structure formation and organic matter distribution as affected by earthworm species interactions and crop residue placement. Geoderma 338:453–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.033
Frey SD (2019) Mycorrhizal fungi as mediators of soil organic matter dynamics. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 50:237–259. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062331
Garba M, Wortmann C, Blanco-Canqui H (2020) Soil aggregation as affected by application of diverse organic materials. Agrosyst Geosci Environ 3:e20097. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20097
Garcia-Franco N, Albaladejo J, Almagro M, Martínez-Mena M (2015) Beneficial effects of reduced tillage and green manure on soil aggregation and stabilization of organic carbon in a Mediterranean agroecosystem. Soil Tillage Res 153:66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.05.010
Gartner TB, Cardon ZG (2004) Decomposition dynamics in mixed-species leaf litter. Oikos 104:230–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12738.x
Golchin A, Oades JM, Skjemstad JO, Clarke P (1994) Soil structure and carbon cycling. Aust J Soil Res 32:1043–1068. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9941043
Guhra T, Ritschel T, Totsche KU (2019) Formation of mineral–mineral and organo–mineral composite building units from microaggregate-forming materials including microbially produced extracellular polymeric substances. Eur J Soil Sci 70:604–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12774
Guhra T, Stolze K, Totsche KU (2022) Pathways of biogenically excreted organic matter into soil aggregates. Soil Biol Biochem 164:108483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108483
Halder M, Liu S, Zhang ZB, Guo ZC, Peng XH (2021) Effects of residue stoichiometric, biochemical and C functional features on soil aggregation during decomposition of eleven organic residues. Catena 202:105288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105288
Han L, Zhang B, Chen L, Feng Y, Yang Y, Sun K (2021) Impact of biochar amendment on soil aggregation varied with incubation duration and biochar pyrolysis temperature. Biochar 3:339–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-021-00097-z
Hati KM, Swarup A, Mishra B, Manna MC, Wanjari RH, Mandal KG, Misra AK (2008) Impact of long-term application of fertilizer, manure and lime under intensive crop** on physical properties and organic carbon content of an Alfisol. Geoderma 148:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.09.015
Hattori T (1973) Microbial life in the soil. An introduction, Marcel Dekker, New York. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1974.03615995003800020003x
Haydu-Houdeshell C-A, Graham RC, Hendrix PF, Peterson AC (2018) Soil aggregate stability under chaparral species in southern California. Geoderma 310:201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.09.019
Haynes RJ (2000) Interactions between soil organic matter status, crop** history, method of quantification and sample pretreatment and their effects on measured aggregate stability. Biol Fertil Soils 30:270–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050002
Haynes RJ, Beare MH (1997) Influence of six crop species on aggregate stability and some labile organic matter fractions. Soil Biol Biochem 29:1647–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00078-3
Haynes RJ, Swift RS, Stephen RC (1991) Influence of mixed crop** rotations (pasture-arable) on organic matter content, water stable aggregation and clod porosity in a group of soils. Soil Tillage Res 19:77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(91)90111-A
Herath H, Camps-Arbestain M, Hedley M (2013) Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils: an Alfisol and an Andisol. Geoderma 209:188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.06.016
Hernandez-Soriano MC, Kerre B, Horemans B, Smolders E (2013) FTIR analysis of soil organic matter to link the turnover of organic inputs with carbon respiration rates. In Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5634-2_7
Holland EA, Coleman DC (1987) Litter placement effects on microbial and organic matter dynamics in an agroecosystem. Ecology 68:425–433. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939274
Horn R, Taubner H, Wuttke M, Baumgartl T (1994) Soil physical properties related to soil structure. Soil Tillage Res 30:187–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(94)90005-1
Huang S, Peng X, Huang Q, Zhang W (2010) Soil aggregation and organic carbon fractions affected by long-term fertilization in a red soil of subtropical China. Geoderma 154:364–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.11.009
Huang R, Tian D, Liu J, Lv S, He X, Gao M (2018) Responses of soil carbon pool and soil aggregates associated organic carbon to straw and straw-derived biochar addition in a dryland crop** mesocosm system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 265:576–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.07.013
Islam MU, Jiang F, Guo Z, Peng X (2021) Does biochar application improve soil aggregation? A meta-analysis. Soil Jastrow JD (1996) Soil aggregate formation and the accrual of particulate and mineral-associated organic matter. Soil Biol Biochem 28:665–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-X
Kandeler E, Stemmer M, Klimanek EM (1999) Response of soil microbial biomass, urease and xylanase within particle size fractions to long-term soil management. Soil Biol Biochem 31:261–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00115-1
Karami A, Homaee M, Afzalinia S, Ruhipour H, Basirat S (2012) Organic resource management: impacts on soil aggregate stability and other soil physico-chemical properties. Agric Ecosyst Environ 148:22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.10.021
Kaur T, Brar BS, Dhillon NS (2008) Soil organic matter dynamics as affected by long-term use of organic and inorganic fertilizers under maize-wheat crop** system. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 81:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9152-0
Kavdır Y, Ekinci H, Yüksel O, Mermut AR (2005) Soil aggregate stability and 13C CP/MAS-NMR assessment of organic matter in soils influenced by forest wildfires in Canakkale, Turkey. Geoderma 129:219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.01.013
Kay BD (1998) Soil structure and organic carbon: a review. In: Lal R, Kimble JM, Follett RF, Stewart BA (eds) Soil processes and the carbon cycle. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 169–197
Kay BP, Angers DA (1999) Soil structure. In: Sumner ME (ed) Handbook of soil science. CRC Press, New York, p A-229-A-269
Kladivko EJ (1994) Residue effects on soil physical properties. CRC Press p:123–140
Kleber M, Eusterhues K, Keiluweit M, Mikutta C, Mikutta R, Nico PS (2015) Mineral–organic associations: formation, properties, and relevance in soil environments. Adv Agron 130:1–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2014.10.005
Kleber M, Sollins P, Sutton R (2007) A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils: self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces. Biogeochemistry 85:9–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9103-5
Kögel-Knabner I (2002) The macromolecular organic composition of plant and microbial residues as inputs to soil organic matter. Soil Biol Biochem 34:139–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00158-4
Krull ES, Skjemstad JO, Baldock JA (2004) Functions of soil organic matter and the effect on soil properties. GRDC Project No. CSO 00029: residue, soil organic carbon and crop performance. Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting. Canberra, Australia, pp. 129
Kubar KA, Huang L, Xue B, Li X, Lu J (2021) Straw management stabilizes the chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC): the relationship with aggregate-associated C in a rice-rape crop** system. Land Degrad Dev 32:851–866. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3727
Le Guillou C, Anger DA, Maron PA, Leterme P, Menasseri-Aubry S (2012) Linking microbial community to soil water-stable aggregation during crop residue decomposition. Soil Biol Biochem 50:126–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.03.009
Le Guillou C, Angers DA, Leterme P, Menasseri-Aubry S (2011) Differential and successive effects of residue quality and soil mineral N on water-stable aggregation during crop residue decomposition. Soil Biol Biochem 43:1955–1960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.06.004
Lehmann A, Zheng W, Rillig MC (2017) Soil biota contributions to soil aggregation. Nat Ecol Evol 1:1828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0344-y
Lehmann J, Abiven S, Kleber M, Pan G, Singh BP, Sohi SP, Zimmerman AR, Lehmann J, Joseph S (2015) Persistence of biochar in soil. Biochar for environmental management: science, technology and implementation. Chapter 10 p:233–280, 2nd Edi Routledge, 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203762264
Lehmann J, Kinyangi J, Solomon D (2007) Organic matter stabilization in soil microaggregates: implications from spatial heterogeneity of organic carbon contents and carbon forms. Biogeochemistry 85:45–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9105-3
Lehmann K, Lehmann R, Totsche KU (2021) Event-driven dynamics of the total mobile inventory in undisturbed soil account for significant fluxes of particulate organic carbon. Sci Total Environ 756:143774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143774
Lehndorff E, Rodionov A, Plümer L, Rottmann P, Spiering B, Dultz S, Amelung W (2021) Spatial organization of soil microaggregates. Goderma 386:114915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114915
Li N, Long J, Han X, Yuan Y, Sheng M (2020) Molecular characterization of soil organic carbon in water-stable aggregate fractions during the early pedogenesis from parent material of Mollisols. J Soil Sediment 20:1869–1880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02563-w
Lu S-G, Sun F-F, Zong Y-T (2014) Effect of rice husk biochar and coal fly ash on some physical properties of expansive clayey soil (Vertisol). Catena 114:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.10.014
Lugato E, Simonetti G, Morari F, Nardi S, Berti A, Giardini L (2010) Distribution of organic and humic carbon in wet-sieved aggregates of different soils under long-term fertilization experiment. Geoderma 157:80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.03.017
Lupwayi NZ, Arshad MA, Rice WA, Clayton GW (2001) Bacterial diversity in water-stable aggregates of soils under conventional and zero tillage management. Appl Soil Ecol 16:251–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00123-2
Ma J, Chen Y, Wang H, Wu J (2019) Traditional Chinese medicine residue act as a better fertilizer for improving soil aggregation and crop yields than manure. Soil Tillage Res 195:104386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104386
Madari B, Machado PL, Torres E, de Andrade AG, Valencia LI (2005) No tillage andcrop rotation effects on soil aggregation and organic carbon in a Rhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil. Soil Tillage Res 80:185–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.03.006
Martens DA (2000) Plant residue biochemistry regulates soil carbon cycling and carbon sequestration. Soil Biol Biochem 32:361–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00162-5
Martens DA, Frankenberger WT (1992) Modification of infiltration rates in an organic-amended irrigated. Agron J 84:707–717. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1992.00021962008400040032x
Mataix-Solera J, Cerdà A, Arcenegui V, Jordàn A, Zavala LM (2011) Fire effects on soil aggregation: a review. Earth-Sci Rev 109:44–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.08.002
Melillo JM, Aber JD, Muratore JF (1982) Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics. Ecology 63:621–626. https://doi.org/10.2307/1936780
Monnier G (1965) Action des matie` res organiques sur la stabilite´ structurale des sols. The` se de la faculte´ des sciences de Paris pp:140
Muchane MN, Pulleman MM, Vanlauwe B, Jefwa J, Kuyper TW (2019) Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and earthworms on soil aggregate stability, glomalin, and performance of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan. Soil Res 57:53–65. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR18096
Murphy BW (2015) Impact of soil organic matter on soil properties-a review with emphasis on Australian soils. Soil Res 53:605–635. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR14246
Mustafa A, Frouz J, Naveed M, ** Z, Nan S, Minggang X, Núñez-Delgado A (2022) Stability of soil organic carbon under long-term fertilization: Results from 13C NMR analysis and laboratory incubation. Environ Res 205:112476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112476
Ndzelu BS, Dou S, Zhang X (2020) Corn straw return can increase labile soil organic carbon fractions and improve water-stable aggregates in Haplic Cambisol. J Arid Land 12:1018–1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-020-0024-7
Nett L, Ruppel S, Ruehlmann J, George E, Fink M (2012) Influence of soil amendment history on decomposition of recently applied organic amendments. Soil Sci Soc Am J 76:1290–1300. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0190
Newcomb CJ, Qafoku NP, Grate JW, Bailey VL, De Yoreo JJ (2017) Develo** a molecular picture of soil organic matter–mineral interactions by quantifying organo–mineral binding. Nat Commun 8:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00407-9
Oades JM, Waters AG (1991) Aggregate hierarchy in soils. Aust J Soil Res 29:815–828. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9910815
Pagliai M, Guidi G, La Marca M, Giachetti M, Lucamante G (1981) Effects of sewage sludges and composts on soil porosity and aggregation 1. J Environ Qual 10:556–561. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1981.00472425001000040028x
Paradiś A, Brueck C, Meisenheimer D, Wanzek T, Dragila MI (2017) Sandy soil microaggregates: rethinking our understanding of hydraulic function. Vadose Zone J 16:1–10. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2017.05.0090
Pare T, Dinel H, Moulin AP, Townley-Smith L (1999) Organic matter quality and structural stability of a black Chernozemic soil under different manure and tillage practices. Geoderma 91:311–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00011-7
Philippe A, Schaumann GE (2014) Interactions of dissolved organic matter with natural and engineered inorganic colloids: a review. Environ Sci Technol 48:8946–8962. https://doi.org/10.1021/es502342r
Piccolo A, Conte P, Spaccini R, Mbagwu JSC (2005) Influence of land use on the characteristics of humic substances in some tropical soils of Nigeria. Eur J Soil Sci 56:343–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00671.x
Piccolo A, Mbagwu JSC (1989) Effects of humic substances and surfactants on the stability of soil aggregates. Soil Sci 147:47–54
Piccolo A, Mbagwu JSC (1990) Effects of different organic waste amendments on soil microaggregates stability and molecular sizes of humic substances. Plant Soil 123:27–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00009923
Piccolo A, Mbagwu JSC (1999) Role of hydrophobic components of soil organic matter in soil aggregate stability. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:1801–1810. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6361801x
Piccolo A, Pietramellara G, Mbagwu JSC (1997) Use of humic substances as soil conditioners to increase aggregate stability. Geoderma 75:267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00092-4
Pihlap E, Steffens M, Kögel-Knabner I (2021) Initial soil aggregate formation and stabilisation in soils developed from calcareous loess. Geoderma 385:114854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114854
Plante AF, Conant RT, Stewart CE, Paustian K, Six J (2006) Impact of soil texture on the distribution of soil organic matter in physical and chemical fractions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:287–296. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0363
Poirier V, Basile-Doelsch I, Balesdent J, Borschneck D, Whalen JK, Angers DA (2020) Organo-mineral interactions are more important for organic matter retention in subsoil than topsoil. Soil Syst 4:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4010004
Pronk GJ, Heister K, Ding GC, Smalla K, Kögel-Knabner I (2012) Development of biogeochemical interfaces in an artificial soil incubation experiment; aggregation and formation of organo-mineral associations. Geoderma 189:585–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.05.020
Pulleman MM, Six J, Uyl A, Marinissen JCY, Jongmans AG (2005) Earthworms and management affect organic matter incorporation and microaggregate formation in agricultural soils. Appl Soil Ecol 29:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.10.003
Rabbi SM, Minasny B, McBratney AB, Young IM (2020) Microbial processing of organic matter drives stability and pore geometry of soil aggregates. Geoderma 360:114033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114033
Rillig MC, Wright SF, Eviner VT (2002) The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin in soil aggregation: comparing effects of five plant species. Plant Soil 238:325–333. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014483303813
Rillig MC, Mardatin NF, Leifheit EF, Antunes PM (2010) Mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increases soil water repellency and is sufficient to maintain water-stable soil aggregates. Soil Biol Biochem 42:1189–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.03.027
Rillig MC, Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Bergmann J, Verbruggen E, Veresoglou SD, Lehmann A (2015) Plant root and mycorrhizal fungal traits for understanding soil aggregation. New Phytol 205:1385–1388. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13045
Ritschel T, Totsche KU (2019) Modeling the formation of soil microaggregates. Comput Geosci 127:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2019.02.010
Ros M, Klammer S, Knapp B, Aichberger K, Insam H (2006) Long-term effects of compost amendment of soil on functional and structural diversity and microbial activity. Soil Use Manag 22:209–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00027.x
Sainju UM, Whitehead WF, Singh BP (2003) Cover crops and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen pools. Can J Soil Sci 83:155–165. https://doi.org/10.4141/S02-056
Santaella C, Schue M, Berge O, Heulin T, Achouak W (2008) The exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium sp. YAS34 is not necessary for biofilm formation on Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus roots but contributes to root colonization. Environ Microbiol 10:2150–2163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01650.x
Sarker TC, Incerti G, Spaccini R, Piccolo A, Mazzoleni S, Bonanomi G (2018) Linking organic matter chemistry with soil aggregate stability: insight from 13C NMR spectroscopy. Soil Biol Biochem 117:175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.11.011
Schrader S, Zhang H (1997) Earthworm casting: stabilization or destabilization of soil structure? Soil Biol Biochem 29:469–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00103-4
Şeker C, Manirakiza N (2020) Effectiveness of compost and biochar in improving water retention characteristics and aggregation of a sandy clay loam soil under wind erosion. Carpathian J Earth Environ Sci 15:5–18. https://doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2020/015/103
Shepherd TG, Saggar S, Newman RH, Ross CW, Dando JL (2001) Tillage-induced changes to soil structure and organic carbon fractions in New Zealand soils. Soil Res 39:465–489. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR00018
Six J, Carpentier A, van Kessel C, Merckx R, Harris D, Horwath WR, Lüscher A (2001) Impact of elevated CO2 on soil organic matter dynamics as related to changes in aggregate turnover and residue quality. Plant Soil 234:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010504611456
Six J, Bossuyt H, Degryze S, Denef K (2004) A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Tillage Res 79:7–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.03.008
Smith R, Tongway D, Tighe M, Reid N (2015) When does organic carbon induce aggregate stability in vertosols? Agric Ecosyst Environ 201:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.002
Sodhi GPS, Beri V, Benbi DK (2009) Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions under long-term application of compost in rice-wheat system. Soil Tillage Res 103:412–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.12.005
Sonnleitner R, Lorbeer E, Schinner F (2003) Effects of straw, vegetable oil and whey on physical and microbiological properties of a Chernozem. Appl Soil Ecol 22:195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00159-2
Sort X, Alcañiz JM (1999) Effects of sewage sludge amendment on soil aggregation. Land Degrad Dev 10:3–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199901/02)10:1%3c3::AID-LDR305%3e3.0.CO;2-0
Spaccini R, Piccolo A, Mbagwu JSC, Zena Teshale A, Igwe CA (2002) Influence of the addition of organic residues on carbohydrate content and structural stability of some highland soils in Ethiopia. Soil Use Manag 18:404–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00259.x
Spaccini R, Mbagwu JSC, Igwe CA, Conte P, Piccolo A (2004) Carbohydrates and aggregation in lowland soils of Nigeria as influenced by organic inputs. Soil Tillage Res 75:161–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00158-2
Spaccini R, Mbagwu JSC, Conte P, Piccolo A (2006) Changes of humic substances characteristics from forested to cultivated soils in Ethiopia. Geoderma 132:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.015
Sun Q, Meng J, Lan Y, Shi G, Yang X, Cao D, Han X (2021) Long-term effects of biochar amendment on soil aggregate stability and biological binding agents in brown earth. Catena 205:105460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105460
Tejada M, Gonzalez JL, García-Martínez AM, Parrado J (2008) Effects of different green manures on soil biological properties and maize yield. Bioresour Technol 99:1758–1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.052
Tisdall JM, Oades JM (1980) The management of ryegrass to stabilise aggregates of a red brown earth. Aust J Soil Res 18:415–422. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9800415
Tisdall JM, Oades JM (1982) Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. J Soil Sci 33:141–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1982.tb01755.x
Tivet F, de Moraes SJC, Lal R, Milori DMBP, Briedis C, Letourmy P, da Cruz HD (2013) Assessing humification and organic C compounds by laser-induced fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies under conventional and no-till management in Brazilian Oxisols. Geoderma 207:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.05.001
Totsche KU, Amelung W, Gerzabek MH, Guggenberger G, Klumpp E, Knief C, Lehndorff E, Mikutta R, Peth S, Prechtel A, Ray N (2018) Microaggregates in soils. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 181:104–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201600451
Verheijen FG, Zhuravel A, Silva FC, Amaro A, Ben-Hur M, Keizer JJ (2019) The influence of biochar particle size and concentration on bulk density and maximum water holding capacity of sandy vs sandy loam soil in a column experiment. Geoderm 347:194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.03.044
Verrillo M, Salzano M, Cozzolino V, Spaccini R, Piccolo A (2021) Bioactivity and antimicrobial properties of chemically characterized compost teas from different green composts. Waste Manage 120:98–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.013
Villamil MB, Little J, Nafziger ED (2015) Corn residue, tillage, and nitrogen rate effects on soil properties. Soil Tillage Res 151:61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.03.005
Vogelmann ES, Reichert JM, Prevedello J, Awe GO, Mataix-Solera J (2013) Can occurrence of soil hydrophobicity promote the increase of aggregates stability? Catena 110:24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.009
Von-Lützow M, Kögel-Knabner I, Ekschmitt K, Matzner E, Guggenberger G, Marschner B, Flessa H (2006) Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions—A review. Eur J Soil Sci 57:426–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00809.x
Voříšková J, Baldrian P (2013) Fungal community on decomposing leaf litter undergoes rapid successional changes. ISME J 7:477–486. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.116
Vormstein S, Kaiser M, Piepho HP, Ludwig B (2020) Aggregate formation and organo-mineral association affect characteristics of soil organic matter across soil horizons and parent materials in temperate broadleaf forest. Biogeochemistry 148:169–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00652-z
Wagner S, Cattle SR, Scholten T (2007) Soil aggregate formation as influenced by clay content and organic matter amendment. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 170:173180. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200521732
Walia MK, Dick WA (2018) Selected soil physical properties and aggregate-associated carbon and nitrogen as influenced by gypsum, crop residue, and glucose. Geoderma 320:67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.01.022
Wang Q, Zhang L, Zhang J, Shen Q, Ran W, Huang Q (2012) Effects of compost on the chemical composition of SOM in density and aggregate fractions from rice–wheat crop** systems as shown by solid-state 13C-NMR spectroscopy. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 175:920–930. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201100350
Wang D, Fonte SJ, Parikh SJ, Six J, Scow KM (2017) Biochar additions can enhance soil structure and the physical stabilization of C in aggregates. Geoderma 303:110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.05.027
Wienhold BJ, Varvel GE, Johnson JM, Wilhelm WW (2013) Carbon source quality and placement effects on soil organic carbon status. Bioenerg Res 6:786–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-013-9301-z
Wilson GWT, Rice CW, Rillig MC, Springer A, Hartnett DC (2009) Soil aggregation and carbon sequestration are tightly correlated with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: results from long-term field experiments. Ecol Lett 12:452–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01303.x
Wuest SB (2007) Surface versus incorporated residue effects on water-stable aggregates. Soil Tillage Res 96:124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2007.05.001
Yan Y, Cheng-Hua L, Zhong-Jian P (2015) Effect of greenhouse soil management on soil aggregation and organic matter in northeast China. Catena 133:412–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.06.013
Yan YIN, Li W, Liang C, Fengming XI, Zhongjian PEI, Liyu DU (2016) Soil aggregate stability and iron and aluminium oxide contents under different fertiliser treatments in a long-term solar greenhouse experiment. Pedosphere 26:760–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60086-8
Yang CD, Lu SG (2021) Effects of five different biochars on aggregation, water retention and mechanical properties of paddy soil: a field experiment of three-season crops. Soil Tillage Res 205:104798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104798
Yazdanpanah N, Mahmoodabadi M, Cerdà A (2016) The impact of organic amendments on soil hydrology, structure and microbial respiration in semiarid lands. Geoderma 266:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.11.032
Yu H, Ding W, Luo J, Geng R, Cai Z (2012) Long-term application of organic manure and mineral fertilizers on aggregation and aggregate-associated carbon in a sandy loam soil. Soil Tillage Res 124:170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.06.011
Zhang B, Yao SH, Hu F (2007) Microbial biomass dynamics and soil wettability as affected by the intensity and frequency of wetting and drying during straw decomposition. Eur J Soil Sci 58:1482–1492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00952.x
Zhang X, Wu X, Zhang S, **ng Y, Wang R, Liang W (2014) Organic amendment effects on aggregate-associated organic C, microbial biomass C and glomalin in agricultural soils. Catena 123:188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.08.011
Zhang Q, Du Z, Lou Y, He X (2015) A one-year short-term biochar application improved carbon accumulation in large macroaggregate fractions. Catena 127:26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.12.009
Zhang M, Cheng G, Feng H, Sun B, Zhao Y, Chen H, Chen J, Dyck M, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang A (2017) Effects of straw and biochar amendments on aggregate stability, soil organic carbon, and enzyme activities in the Loess Plateau, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:10108–10120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8505-8
Zhao H, Shar AG, Li S, Chen Y, Shi J, Zhang X, Tian X (2018) Effect of straw return mode on soil aggregation and aggregate carbon content in an annual maize-wheat double crop** system. Soil Tillage Res 175:178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.09.012
Zheng W, Morris EK, Lehmann A, Rillig MC (2016) Interplay of soil water repellency, soil aggregation and organic carbon. A Meta-Anal Geoderma 283:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.07.025
Zheng X, Fan J, Xu L, Zhou J (2017) Effects of combined application of biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer on soil aggregation and C/N distribution in an Ultisol. PLoS ONE 12:e0170491. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170491
Zhou H, Fang H, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Chen C, Mooney SJ, Peng X, Du Z (2019) Biochar enhances soil hydraulic function but not soil aggregation in a sandy loam. Eur J Soil Sci 70:291–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12732
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41950410570, 41877085, 41877088), the Research and Development Fund of Zhejiang A&F University (2018FR005, 2018FR006), and the Open Research Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University (ZY20180301, ZY20180205).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TCS and YC conceptualized the topic and its subdivisions. TCS collected the information, wrote the first draft, and prepared the figures and tables. MZ, GB, and YC provided inputs for the improvement of figures and tables. SM, FG, YF, and SXC edited the draft and provided editorial advice.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sarker, T.C., Zotti, M., Fang, Y. et al. Soil Aggregation in Relation to Organic Amendment: a Synthesis. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 22, 2481–2502 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-00822-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-00822-y