Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) products have a relatively high number of thickness irregularities. Such irregularities can be a critical problem in the production process. It requires strict production management, including quality assurance, which results in an increase in production costs. Hence, understanding factors affecting the laminating characteristics is necessary to enhance the inspection efficiency. This study investigated the laminating characteristics of the CFRP plate, which has a wide configuration and is composed of various layers. Fabrication parameters and plate configuration were selected as factors affecting CFRP thickness. The Taguchi method was employed to analyze the effect of fabrication parameters, and the configuration effect was verified by comparing an asymmetric plate with an axisymmetric plate in terms of thickness per ply (TPP). The results showed that the TPP of the thick layers tended to be higher than those of the thin layers in both the plates and the TPP of the asymmetric plate was lower than that of the axisymmetric plate. Among various fabrication parameters, the humidity of the lay-up process and the 1st heat-up time were identified as significant factors in TPP variance. In addition, an improved inspection process based on the verified laminating characteristics is suggested and discussed. The efficiency of inspection according to the confidence level of the objective CFRP products can be improved by applying the proposed inspection process.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42405-024-00777-7/MediaObjects/42405_2024_777_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42405-024-00777-7/MediaObjects/42405_2024_777_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42405-024-00777-7/MediaObjects/42405_2024_777_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42405-024-00777-7/MediaObjects/42405_2024_777_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42405-024-00777-7/MediaObjects/42405_2024_777_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42405-024-00777-7/MediaObjects/42405_2024_777_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42405-024-00777-7/MediaObjects/42405_2024_777_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42405-024-00777-7/MediaObjects/42405_2024_777_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42405-024-00777-7/MediaObjects/42405_2024_777_Fig9_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data in this article are available from the corresponding authors upon a reasonable request.
References
Shafi Ullah KHAN, Kim J-K (2011) Impact and delamination failure of multiscale carbon nanotube-fiber reinforced polymer composites. Int J Aeronaut Spa Sci. https://doi.org/10.5139/IJASS.2011.12.2.115
Andrea Corrado, Wilma Polini, Luca Sorrentino, Costanzo Bellini, Geometrical deviation analysis of CFRP thin laminate assemblies: Numerical and experimental results, Compos Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.09.003
Agarwal K, Kuchipudi SK, Girard B, Houser M (2018) Mechanical properties of fiber reinforced polymer composites: a comparative study of conventional and additive manufacturing methods. J Compos Mater 52:3173–3181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998318762297
Hojo M, Mizuno M, Hobbiebrunken T et al (2009) Effect of fiber array irregularities on microscopic interfacial normal stress states of transversely loaded UD-CFRP from viewpoint of failure initiation. Compos Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.08.032
Rimašauskas M, Jasiūnienė E, Kuncius T et al (2022) Investigation of influence of printing parameters on the quality of 3D printed composite structures. Compos Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.115061
Zhou K, Enos R, Zhang D, Tang J (2022) Uncertainty analysis of curing-induced dimensional variability of composite structures utilizing physics-guided Gaussian process meta-modeling. Compos Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114816
Robert Voss, Lukas Seeholzer, Friedrich Kuster, Konrad Wegener, Influence of fibre orientation, tool geometry and process parameters on surface quality in milling of CFRP, CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2016.10.002
Kordatos EZ, Aggelis DG, Matikas TE (2012) Monitoring mechanical damage in structural materials using complimentary NDE techniques based on thermography and acoustic emission. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2011.12.013
Karabutov AA, Podymova NB (2014) Quantitative analysis of the influence of voids and delaminations on acoustic attenuation in CFRP composites by the laser-ultrasonic spectroscopy method. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2013.08.040
Heuer H, Schulze M, Pooch M et al (2015) Review on quality assurance along the CFRP value chain - Non-destructive testing of fabrics, preforms and CFRP by HF radio wave techniques. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.03.022
Schmidt C, Schultz C, Weber P, Denkena B (2014) Evaluation of eddy current testing for quality assurance and process monitoring of automated fiber placement. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2013.08.061
Kaufmann M, Zenkert D, Mattei C (2008) Cost optimization of composite aircraft structures including variable laminate qualities. Compos Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.05.024
Curran R, Gomis G, Castagne S et al (2007) Integrated digital design for manufacture for reduced life cycle cost. Int J Prod Econ. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJPE.2006.11.010
Scanlan J, Rao A, Bru C et al (2006) DATUM Project: cost estimating environment for support of aerospace design decision making. J Aircr doi 10(2514/1):17362
Machado MA, Antin KN, Rosado LS et al (2021) High-speed inspection of delamination defects in unidirectional CFRP by non-contact eddy current testing. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2021.109167
Abrantes RF, Rosado LS, Piedade M, Ramos PM (2016) Pulsed eddy currents testing using a planar matrix probe. Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1016/JMEASUREMENT.2015.09.026
Pasadas DJ, Ramos HG, Baskaran P, Ribeiro AL (2020) ECT in composite materials using double excitation coils and resonant excitation/sensing circuits. Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEASUREMENT.2020.107859
Todoroki A, Mizutani Y, Suzuki Y, Haruyama D (2013) Fatigue damage detection of CFRP using the electrical resistance change method. Int J Aeronaut Spa Sci. https://doi.org/10.5139/IJASS.2013.14.4.350
Arao Y, Koyanagi J, Utsunomiya S, Kawada H (2011) Effect of ply angle misalignment on out-of-plane deformation of symmetrical cross-ply CFRP laminates: accuracy of the ply angle alignment. Compos Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2010.10.019
Markatos DN, Tserpes KI, Rau E et al (2013) The effects of manufacturing-induced and in-service related bonding quality reduction on the mode-I fracture toughness of composite bonded joints for aeronautical use. Compos B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2012.05.052
Aydın MD, Temiz Ş, Özel A (2007) Effect of curing pressure on the strength of adhesively bonded joints. J Adhes. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218460701453536
Yao R, Shi J, Zheng J (2022) Curing quality monitoring and loading detection of composite structures with embedded capacitive sensor array. Mater Des. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.11032123
Todoroki A (2010) Self-Sensing Composites and Optimization of Composite Structures in Japan. Int J Aeronaut Spa Sci. https://doi.org/10.5139/IJASS.2010.11.3.155
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Sang-Woo Kim.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jeong, SH. Investigation of the Laminating Characteristics of CFRP Plates with a Thin and Wide Configuration in Production for an Effective Inspection Process. Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-024-00777-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-024-00777-7