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Optimization, Characterization and Production of Biodiesel from Rumex Crispus Leaves and Roots Oil Using Central Composite Design (CCD)

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Abstract

Biodiesel is an alternative energy sources to petroleum and its quantity is continuously decreasing due to an increase in demand, and produced through a chemical process called transesterification, which refers to a synthesizing the extracted oil, catalyst with methanol to produce biodiesel and a byproduct (glycerin). The production of biodiesel is carried out from non-edible oil extracted from Rumex Crispus leaves and root oils and optimizing the effects of independent process variables. For the optimization study, a Response Surface Methodology centered on Central Composite Design was used to optimize the independent process variables such as methanol/oil molar ratio, reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst concentration. A quadratic model was used to predict the performance of biodiesel yield. The optimal conditions were obtained at a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 8:1, a reaction time of 3 h, reaction temperature of 65 ℃, and catalyst concentration of 1.5 wt%. Under these conditions the predicted and experimental biodiesel yields were 93.72% and 94.18% respectively. The R2 value of the model was 0.9855, indicating the accuracy of the model. The properties of produced biodiesel from Rumex Crispus leave and root oil meets the requirements of American Society of Testing Material and European standard for biodiesel, and characterized by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The study investigated the potential of Rumex Crispus leaves and roots oil to biodiesel, using a heterogeneous catalysis system to bypass current demand issues.

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Availability of Data and Material

The availability of data, i.e. experimental design, data analysis (RSM), FTIR, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) used to support the results of this study are incorporated in the article.

Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

CaO:

Calcium oxide

CCD:

Central composite design

FTIR:

Fourier transforms infrared

GC–MS:

Gas chromatographs mass spectroscopy

FAC:

Fatty acid

RSM:

Response surface methodology centered

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their highest gratitude to the School of chemical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, and Jimma University to support laboratory materials, and internet free services.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Oromia, Ethiopia

    Tafere Aga Bullo, Yigezu Mekonnen Bayisa, Ketema Beyecha Hundie, Desalegn Abdissaa AKuma, Defar Getahun Gezachew & Mohammed Seid Bultum

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  1. Tafere Aga Bullo
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  2. Yigezu Mekonnen Bayisa
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  3. Ketema Beyecha Hundie
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Contributions

All the authors: TAB wrote the main parts of the manuscript, YMB, MSB, KBH DAA and DGG have made a substantial contribution in conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, designed the study and procedure, interpretation of the data, conducting lab testing, visualization, validation, analysis of FT-IR spectroscopy, and GC–MS analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yigezu Mekonnen Bayisa.

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Bullo, T.A., Bayisa, Y.M., Hundie, K.B. et al. Optimization, Characterization and Production of Biodiesel from Rumex Crispus Leaves and Roots Oil Using Central Composite Design (CCD). Chemistry Africa 7, 749–761 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-023-00784-3

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