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Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Wild Edible Mushrooms: Safety Evaluation and Isolation of Antimycobacterial Sterols from Afrocantharellus platyphyllus (Heinem.) Tibuhwa

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Abstract

Purpose

Afrocantharellus platyphyllus (Heinem.) Tibuhwa (family Cantharellaceae) is a wild mushroom that is used for food and in the management of diseases by communities in Southern Tanzania. The current study investigated the safety and potential of the mushroom A. platyphyllus to yield active antimycobacterial compounds.

Methods

Preliminary safety evaluation was done using the brine shrimp lethality test (BST) and white albino mice. An 80% ethanolic extract of A. platyphyllus fruiting bodies was separated by using a liquid–liquid partitioning and the anti-mycobacteria compounds were isolated by column chromatography. The structures for isolated compounds were determined using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy.

Results

In the acute oral toxicity test none of the mice used showed any sign of toxicity during the 14 days’ observation. Similarly, the mushroom extract was mildly toxic to brine shrimps with LC50 of 61.94 μg/mL. The bioassay guided fractionation yielded two known compounds Cerevisetrol (1) and (22E, 24R)-Ergosta-5α, 6α-epoxy-8,22-diene-3β,7α-diol (2). These compounds were isolated for the first time from the genus Afrocantharellus and A. platyphyllus species were active against Mycobacteria with MICs ranging from 9.50 to 39.00 µg/mL against Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP), 19.00 to 78.00 µg/mL against Mycobacterium madagascariense (MM), 19.00 µg/mL to 78.00 µg/mL against a standard Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain (Mtb1) and 78.00 µg/mL to 312.00 µg/mL against a resistant clinical Mycobacterium isolate (Mtb2) against compounds 1 and 2 respectively.

Conclusion

A. platyphyllus, an edible mushroom yielded two known compounds with antimycobacterial properties which are potential scaffold for antimycobacterial drug design. These findings support further initiatives to evaluate other traditionally used mushrooms for antimycobacterial and other biological activities.

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Data Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

IRB:

Institutional review board

AIDS:

Acquired Immunodefficiencey Syndrome

SAR:

Structure activity relationship

BST:

Brine shrimp lethality test

COSY:

Correlated spectroscopy

HMBC:

Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation

TLC:

Thin layer chromatography

OECD:

Organisation for economic co-operation

FBDD:

Fragment-based drug design and development

HSQC:

Heteronuclear single quantum coherence

MIP:

Mycobacterium indicus pranii

DAAD:

German academic exchange service

MM:

Mycobacterium madagascariense

Mtb:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

INT:

Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride salt

ITM:

Institute of traditional medicine

MA:

Mycobacterium aurum

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MDR TB:

Multidrug resistant tuberculosis

MUHAS:

Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

XDR TB:

Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

TDR TB:

Totally drug resistant tuberculosis

LC:

Lethality concentration

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their appreciation to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for financial support to conduct this research work. Antimycobacterial activity screening against M. aurum was conducted by Ms Katlego Makale at Botswana University, we appreciate her service

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Products Development and Formulations, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Michael Qwarse & Francis Machumi

  2. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Alphonce Ignace Marealle

  3. Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environmental Studies, The Open University of Tanzania, P. O. Box 23409, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Matobola Joel Mihale

  4. Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Mainen Moshi

  5. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Joseph Sempombe

  6. Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416004, India

    Alfredi Afred Moyo

  7. Kampala International University in Tanzania, P. O. Box 9790, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

    Veronica Mugoyela

  8. Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    Matthias Heydenreich

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  1. Michael Qwarse
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Contributions

MQ: Conducted the laboratory experiments and drafted the manuscript for this study. MQ, AAM, AIM and MM: Data curation, and analysis with technical support from FM, JS, and MH. The manuscript was reviewed by MJM and VM. MM supported the design of the study, review of results and edited drafts of the manuscript. The manuscript is approved by all authors before submission for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Qwarse.

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Qwarse, M., Marealle, A.I., Machumi, F. et al. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Wild Edible Mushrooms: Safety Evaluation and Isolation of Antimycobacterial Sterols from Afrocantharellus platyphyllus (Heinem.) Tibuhwa. Chemistry Africa 7, 661–670 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-023-00765-6

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