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Hydrochemical evaluation of subsurface water in the aquaculture region of coastal India using multivariate statistics, GWQI and GIS

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Abstract

The present work was carried out to evaluate subsurface water quality for drinking purposes in the coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The samples were collected from 80 locations covering in pre-monsoon season (PRM) and post-monsoon season (POM) during 2018–2019. The groundwater mainly consists of Na-Mg-Cl-HCO3 and Na-Cl-HCO3 type explaining the influence of seawater intrusion, marine sediments, and leaching of minerals in clay horizons. The result of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed Na+ and Cl− have positive loads on both PC 1 and PC 2 corroborating reverse ion exchange and the anthropogenic activities. Evaporation dominance and dissolved carbonates of clay soils in the groundwater are indicated by Gibbs plots. PCA scores were taken into consideration in develo** a groundwater quality index (GWQI) to classify water quality as excellent to good (4%), poor to very poor (92% in PRM and 70% in POM), and unfit (4% in PRM and 30% in POM) for drinking. Geospatial techniques have been used in preparing spatial and temporal distribution maps for various water quality parameters. The integrated approach adopted in the study are a cost-effective and time saving tool involved in assessing environmental problems more precisely. This study is expected to provide reliable information for stakeholders in understanding various types of pollutants in groundwater chemistry.

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Data availability statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.

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Acknowledgements

The first author (PSL) is grateful to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for funding provided towards the present work in the form of Post-Doctoral Fellowship for Women (F.No.15-1/2013-14/PDFWM-2013-14-GE-AND-19638 (SAII) Dated 18-Apr-2014). The authors specially thank the reviewers and the editor for their suggestions for improving the manuscript at various stages.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-03, Andhra Pradesh, India

    P. Swarna Latha

  2. Discipline of Geography, School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Maidangarhi, New Delhi, 110068, India

    K. Nageswara Rao

  3. Govt. of AP, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India

    P. V. Ramesh Kumar

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  1. P. Swarna Latha
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  2. K. Nageswara Rao
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  3. P. V. Ramesh Kumar
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Contributions

PSL contributed in laboratory experimental analysis of hydrochemical parameters, development of methodology, GIS analysis, proofreading of the manuscript and her UGC-PDF project funds of the project is leading to this publication. KNR involved in the conceptualization of objectives of the research paper, original draft preparation, and statistical analysis of the dataset. PVRK involved in analysis and proof reading of the manuscript. And all authors were involved in reviewing and editing the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to P. Swarna Latha.

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Latha, P.S., Rao, K.N. & Kumar, P.V.R. Hydrochemical evaluation of subsurface water in the aquaculture region of coastal India using multivariate statistics, GWQI and GIS. Int J Energ Water Res (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00203-2

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