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Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous Media by Activated Carbon: A Review

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Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive review of the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous media using activated carbons. Given the adverse impacts associated with the presence of ciprofloxacin in the environment, as well as the imperative to investigate its long-term ecotoxicity, this antibiotic was selected for study. The technique of adsorption utilizing activated carbon has demonstrated high efficacy in ciprofloxacin removal. Consequently, this review furnishes crucial insights for water treatment projects focusing on ciprofloxacin removal, highlighting the significance of precursor materials and synthesis methods. Plant-derived precursor materials, especially when impregnated, enhance carbon functionality by adding surface functional groups. Multiple studies have explored the efficacy of different activated carbons for removing ciprofloxacin, with notable adsorption capacities ranging from 14 to 462 mg g−1. Controlling operational conditions like temperature and pH, typically ranging from 5 to 9, is vital in treatment plants, and the adsorption efficiency is, in general, higher at temperatures from 30 to 40 °C. The Langmuir model is often suitable for describing equilibrium data, so when designing effluent treatment systems, materials with high affinity (parameter “KL”) of the Langmuir isotherm are preferred, especially for low concentration levels. Regional disparities in studies require continued research, especially regarding the adsorption of antibiotics and pharmaceuticals in wastewater, synthetic, and real-world scenarios.

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Data Availability

Contact the corresponding author: schaline_swa@hotmail.com.

Abbreviations

CIP:

Ciprofloxacin

PPJ:

Activated carbon of Prosopis juliflora wood

SGAC:

Activated carbon of activated sludge

FPU:

C-activated carbon of Folium cycas impregnated with potassium bicarbonate

FSU:

C-activated carbon of Folium cycas impregnated with sodium bicarbonate and urea

MAAC:

Activated carbon of sterculia villosa Roxb shells

ZFP:

Activated carbon of jackfruit shell

ZJFP:

Activated carbon of jack fruit shell impregnated with ZnO

BAC:

Activated carbon of bamboo

AFM:

BAC-activated carbon of bamboo magnetized with Fe3O4, FeSO4, and FeCl3

ALAC:

Activated carbon of elephant grass

PPAC:

Activated carbon of pomelo bark

AC:

Activated carbon of Enteromorpha proliferates

AC:

SBS-activated carbon of Enteromorpha proliferates impregnated with sodium benzenesulfonate

DRH:

Activated carbon of disilicate rice husk

ACJ:

Activated carbon of Jerivá

pHzpc:

Zero charge point

TGA:

Thermogravimetry analysis

SEM:

Scanning electronic microscopy

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

BET:

N2 physisorption

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate Program, West Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Campus of Toledo, 645 College Street, Jd. La Salle, Toledo, 85903-000, PR, Brazil

    Schaline Winck Alberti & Edson Antônio da Silva

  2. Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Federal University of Technology – Parana (UTFPR), Campus of Toledo, Cristo Rei Street, 19, Toledo, 85902-490, PR, Brazil

    Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele

  3. Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bio-economy e.V. (ATB), 14469, Potsdam, Germany

    Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele

  4. Department of Engineering, Federal University of Technology – Parana (UTFPR), Campus of Francisco Beltrão, Santa Barbara Line, Francisco Beltrão, 85601-970, PR, Brazil

    Vilmar Steffen

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  1. Schaline Winck Alberti
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Contributions

Schaline Winck Alberti: conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization. Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele: formal analysis, resources, review and editing, supervision. Vilmar Steffen: resources, writing—review and editing, supervision. Edson Antonio da Silva: conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Schaline Winck Alberti.

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Schaline Winck Alberti reports financial support was provided by Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement. Edson Antonio da Silva reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development.

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Alberti, S.W., Scheufele, F.B., Steffen, V. et al. Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous Media by Activated Carbon: A Review. Water Conserv Sci Eng 9, 26 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-024-00260-0

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