Abstract
Rural to urban migration is rampant in India. Cities that are Petri dishes for rapid neo-liberal development can be unforgiving places for the vulnerable migrant population. The question we are looking forward to answering here is, how does neoliberal development in the cities affect and shape the lived experience of the vulnerable in-migrants in the growing cities of India? To explore this question, we have taken the case of migrant women to waste pickers who originate from Barpeta, Assam, and have settled in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. These women are placed at the lowest link in the hierarchy of power and economic structures in the urban spaces. They have been working for years, contributing significantly to the waste management of cities by segregation, cleaning, and recycling waste. Under the changing forms of governance, they have been facing a threat to their livelihoods. The paper is based on qualitative data collected through a field study conducted between December 2018 and December 2020 in villages in Barpeta as well as in slums in Lucknow inhabited by these Bengali-speaking Muslim migrants from Barpeta in Lower Assam. Data for this study were collected through the survey (n = 200) including semi-structured interviews (n = 100), follow-up visits (n = 70), and focus group discussions and case studies (n = 30). This paper is an attempt to present a gendered perspective on the trials and tribulations of women waste pickers and their place in the expeditious city space. In addition to the modality of statecraft, we have also explored various social, political, and economic dynamics that further affect them. Based on the findings that emerge from the qualitative data collected from the field, the paper has concluded with some policy recommendations that will help improve the lives of these women waste pickers.
References
Agarwala, R. 2019. From Theory to Praxis and back to Theory: Informal Workers’ Struggles Against Capitalism and Patriarchy in India. Political Power and Social Theory 35: 29–57.
Banerjee, Monika and Monika, Sharma. 2020. Impact of Covid 19 National Lockdown on Women Waste Workers in Delhi, Institute of Social Studies Trust. https://www.isstindia.org/publications/1590124695_pub_ISST_-_Waste_Workers_Final_compressed.pdf
Bell, David. 2019 Neoliberalism is Bad for Your Mental Health. In: The Unconscious in Social and Political Life. The Political Mind Series, 79–102. Bicester: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1912691173.
Crenshaw, K. 1991. Map** the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–1299.
Dias, S.M. 2016. Waste Pickers and Cities. Environment and Urbanization 28 (2): 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816657302.
Eswaran, Aparna and Hameeda, C.K. 2013. The Waste Picking Community: Some Issues and Concerns, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 48, No 22.
Gutberlet, J., and S.M.N. Uddin. 2017. Household waste and health risks affecting waste pickers and the environment in low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 23 (4): 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10773525.2018.1484996.
Joshi, N. 2018. Low-Income Women’s Right to Sanitation Services in City Public Spaces: A Study of Waste Picker Women in Pune. Environment and Urbanization 30 (1): 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247817744932.
Kabeer, N. 2015. Gender, Poverty, and Inequality: A Brief History of Feminist Contributions in the Field of International Development. Gender and Development 23 (2): 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2015.1062300.
Khandakar, A. 2016. ‘Social Exclusion of Inhabitants of Chars: A Study of Dhubri District in Assam’, M.Phil Disseration, School of Social Sciences Sikkim University. Sikkim.
Tim, Koechlin. 2013. The Rich Get Richer: Neoliberalism and Soaring Inequality in the United States. Challenge 56 (2): 5–30.
Kumar, K., and D. Rajan. 2021. Impact of Circular Construction on Demolition Waste Management in The Indian Construction Industry. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 8 (1): 12–24. https://doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v8.i1.2021.846.
Lucci, P., Bhatkal, T., and Khan, A. 2018. Are We Underestimating Urban Poverty?.In: World Development, 297–310. Elsevier
Luthra, A. 2020. Efficiency in Waste Collection Markets: Changing Relationships Between Firms, Informal Workers, and the State in Urban India. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52 (7): 1375–1394. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20913011.
Menon, N. 2015. Is Feminism About “Women”? A Critical View on Intersectionality from India. Economic and Political Weekly 50: 37–44.
Misra, R. and Tewari, N. 2020. Wounded Identities: Untold Stories from The Wasteland. Refugee Watch. Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group. Available at http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rw%20files/RW56/RW56.pdf
Misra, R. 2015. Citizenship in Dispute: The Case of Outmigrants from Barpeta, Assam. Economic and Political Weekly 53 (43): 7–8.
Narayan, D. 2000. Poverty Is Powerlessness and Voicelessness. Finance and Development. Vol 37 (4) International Monetary Fund. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2000/12/narayan.htm.
Supriya, Routh. 2016. Enhancing Capabilities through Labour Law Informal Workers in India. Routledge.
Shaban, A., and Datta, A. 2019. Towards Slow and Moderated Urbanism. Economic and Political Weekly. Volume 54(48) Available at https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/48/special-articles.
Sreenath, S. 2016. On Demonetization and Its IMPACT on Bangalore’s Waste Pickers and Recyclers. Hasiru Dala Blog: Stories of Waste and Waste Workers. Retrieved from https://wastenarratives.com/2016/11/25/on-demonetization-and-its-impact-on-bangaloreswaste-pickers-and-recyclers/. Accessed 25 Nov 2016.
Standing, G. 2011. The Precariat. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Available at https://www.hse.ru
Stoljar, Natalie. 2018. Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy. In The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/feminism-autonomy/
Sultana, F. 2020. Embodied Intersectionality of Urban Citizenship: Water, Infrastructure, and Gender in the Global South. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 10 (5): 1407–1424.
Swaminathan, M. 2018. How Can India’s Waste Problem See a Systemic Change? Economic and Political Weekly, 53(16).
Wittmer, J. 2020. We Live and We Do This Work: Women Waste Pickers’ Experiences of Wellbeing in Ahmedabad, India. World Development 140: 105253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105253.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Prof Deepak Mishra, CSRD, JNU, for his comments on the earlier draft presented in 62nd Annual Conference of Indian Society of Labour Economics held in IIT Roorkee between 11 and 13 April 2022.
Funding
The research leading to these results received funding from Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi, under Grant Agreement No. F.No. 02/225/2016–17/ICSSR/RP.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Misra, R., Tewari, N. Gender, Migration, and Precarity: A Case Study of Migrant Women Waste Pickers from Assam. Ind. J. Labour Econ. 65, 1179–1192 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-022-00411-8
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-022-00411-8