Abstract
This study tests the efficacy of post-tensioned metal straps (PTMS) wrapped around steel plates anchored to the beam sides, in enhancing the shear strength. For this purpose, seven normal steel-reinforced concrete beams with dimensions of 160 mm × 240 mm × 1050 mm are constructed without transverse reinforcement. The location and the number of the straps are considered as the main variables. It is found that using PTMS effectively can change the behaviour of the beam from brittle shear failure to a ductile failure. It is also found that the load-carrying capacity of the beam can increase by up to 54% using PTMS wrapped around steel plates anchored to the beams. Additionally, the deflection capacity of the beam can increase by up to 519%. Also, using PTMS can reduce the size of the cracks and the location of their appearance would be shifted towards the centre of the beam. Finally, a complete guidance on using PTMS on anchored steel plate can be found in the paper as its usage is novel.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig3_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig5_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig6_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig8_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig9_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig10_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig11_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig13_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig15_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig16_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig17_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig18_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig19_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig20_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig21_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig22_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig23_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig24_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig25_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig26_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig27a_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig27b_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig28_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig29_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig30_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig31_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig32_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40996-021-00729-1/MediaObjects/40996_2021_729_Fig33_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdullah W, Rafiq SK (2021) Flexural strengthening of beams using post-tensioned metal straps fully wrapped around steel channels anchored to normal steel reinforced concrete beams. PLoS ONE 16(6):e0253816. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253816
Abdullah W, Rafiq SK, & Alshkane YM (2020) Severity of damage due to 2017 Kurdistan Region of Iraq-Iran border Earthquake (Halabja Earthquake). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 978(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/978/1/012017
Abdullah W, Rafiq S, Alshkane Y (2021) Reflections of Halabjah Earthquake effects on the structural. J Univ Dhok 23:321–341
Abu Maraq MA, Tayeh BA, Ziara MM, Alyousef R (2021) Flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with steel wire mesh and self-compacting concrete jacketing-Experimental investigation and test results. J Mater Res Technol 10:1002–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.069
Adhikary BB (2006) Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using various techniques. Sci Direct 20:366–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.024
Alhadid MMA, Youssef MA (2017) Analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened using concrete jackets. Eng Struct 132(February):172–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.11.014
Altin S, Anil Ö, Kara ME (2005) Improving shear capacity of existing RC beams using external bonding of steel plates. Eng Struct 27(5):781–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.12.012
Amsyar F, Khun MC, Omar W, Zawawi Awang A, & Poi Ngian S (2019) Behaviour of lightweight foamed concrete with pre-tensioning steel straps confinement. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 220(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/220/1/012020
Chalioris CE, & Pourzitidis CN (2012) Rehabilitation of shear-damaged reinforced concrete beams using self-compacting concrete jacketing. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/816107
Chalioris CE, Kosmidou PMK, Papadopoulos NA (2018) Investigation of a new strengthening technique for RC deep beams using carbon FRP ropes as transverse reinforcements. Fibers. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib6030052
Chalioris CE, Kytinou VK, Voutetaki ME, Papadopoulos NA (2019) Repair of heavily damaged RC beams failing in shear using U-shaped mortar jackets. Buildings 9(6):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS9060146
Chalioris CE, Zapris AG, Karayannis CG (2020) U-jacketing applications of fiber-reinforced polymers in reinforced concrete t-beams against shear-tests and design. Fibers. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib8020013
Chin C, Abdullah CM, Awang Z, Omar W, Kueh AH (2017) Stress–strain evaluation of steel-strapped high-strength concrete with modified self-regulating end clips. Struct Concrete 19(4):1036–1048. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700134
Frangou M, Pilakoutas K, & Dritsos S (1995) Structural repair/strengthening of RC columns.
Garcia R, Hajirasouliha I, Pilakoutas K (2010) Seismic behaviour of deficient RC frames strengthened with CFRP composites. Eng Struct 32(10):3075–3085
Garcia R, Hajirasouliha I, Pilakoutas K, Helal Y, Jemaa Y, Guadagnini M, Petkovski M, Mongabure P, Ciupala MA, Kyriakides N, Chrysostomou CZ, Ilki A, Saiidi MS, Torres L, Taranu N, Budescu M (2014b) Shake table tests on deficient RC buildings strengthened using post-tensioned metal straps reyes. In: Ilki A, Fardis MN (eds) Seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of structures, 1st edn. Springer, Berlin
Garcia R, Hajirasouliha I, Guadagnini M, Helal Y, Jemaa Y, Pilakoutas K, Mongabure P, Chrysostomou C, Kyriakides N, Ilki A, Budescu M, Taranu N, Ciupala MA, Torres L, Saiidi M (2014a) Full-scale shaking table tests on a substandard rc building repaired and strengthened with post-tensioned metal straps. J Earthquake Eng 18(2):187–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2013.847874
Garcia R, Pilakoutas K, Hajirasouliha I, Guadagnini M, Kyriakides N, Ciupala MA (2017) Seismic retrofitting of RC buildings using CFRP and post-tensioned metal straps: shake table tests. Bull Earthq Eng 15(8):3321–3347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-015-9800-8
Helal Y (2012). Seismic strengthening of deficient exterior RC beam-column sub-assemblages using post- tensioned metal strips (Issue August). The University of Sheffield.
Helal Y, Garcia R, Pilakoutas K, Guadagnini M, Hajirasouliha I (2016) Strengthening of short splices in RC beams using post-tensioned metal straps. Mater Struct/materiaux Et Construct 49(1–2):133–147. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0481-6
Jalali M, Sharbatdar MK, Chen J, Jandaghi F (2012) Shear strengthening of RC beams using innovative manually made NSM FRP bars. Constr Build Mater 36:990–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.068
Karayannis CG, Chalioris CE (2013) Shear tests of reinforced concrete beams with continuous rectangular spiral reinforcement. Constr Build Mater 46:86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.023
Karayannis CG, Chalioris CE, & Mavroeidis PD (2005) Shear capacity of RC rectangular beams with continuous spiral transversal reinforcement. Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XI, 41:379–386. www.witpress.com,
Khalifa A, Nanni A (2002) Rehabilitation of rectangular simply supported RC beams with shear deficiencies using CFRP composites. Construct Build Mater 16(3):135–146
Ma CK, Awang AZ, Omar W, Maybelle L (2014a) Experimental tests on SSTT-confined HSC columns. Magazine Concr Res. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00065
Ma CK, Awang AZ, Omar W (2014b) Slenderness effect and upper-bound slenderness limit of SSTT-confined HSC column. Int J Struct Eng 5(3):279–286. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTRUCTE.2014.063048
Ma CK, Awang AZ, Omar W, Liang M, Jaw SW, Azimi M (2016) Flexural capacity enhancement of rectangular high-strength concrete columns confined with post-tensioned steel straps: experimental investigation and analytical modelling. Struct Concr 17(4):668–676. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201500123
Ma CK, Garcia R, Yung SCS, Awang AZ, Omar W, Pilakoutas K (2019) Strengthening of pre-damaged concrete cylinders using post-tensioned steel straps. Proc Inst Civ Eng Struct Build 172(10):703–711. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.18.00031
Moghaddam HA, & Samadi M (2009) Seismic Retrofit of large-scale reinforced concrete columns by prestressed high-strength metal strips. Proceedings of the 2009 Structures Congress-Don’t Mess with Structural Engineers: Expanding Our Role, 2863–2872. https://doi.org/10.1061/41031(341)313
Moghaddam H, Samadi M, & Mohebbi S (2007) R.C members strengthening by lateral post-tensioning of external metal strips (No. 1; 1).
Moghaddam H, Samadi M, Pilakoutas K, Mohebbi S (2010b) Axial compressive behavior of concrete actively confined by metal strips; part A: experimental study. Mater Struct 43(10):1369–1381
Moghaddam H, Samadi M, Pilakoutas K (2010a) Compressive behavior of concrete actively confined by metal strips, part B: analysis. Mater Struct/materiaux Et Construct 43(10):1383–1396. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9589-5
Mohammed AA, Manalo AC, Maranan GB, Muttashar M, Zhuge Y, Vijay PV, Pettigrew J (2020) Effectiveness of a novel composite jacket in repairing damaged reinforced concrete structures subject to flexural loads. Compos Struct 233:111634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111634
Mongabure P, & Tamaris (2012) BANDIT Seismic strengthening of deficient RC buildings using ductile post‐tensioned metal strips.
Samadi M, Moghaddam HA, & Pilakoutas K (2012) Seismic retrofit of RC columns with inadequate Lap-splice length by external post-tensioned high-strength strips. 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (15WCEE), 1995.
Setkit M, Imjai T (2019) strengthening performance of damaged concrete beams in service conditions using post-tensioned metal strap** technique. J King Mongkut’s Univ Technol North Bangkok 29(4):577–584
Yang Y, Feng S, Xue Y, Yu Y, Wang H, Chen Y (2019) Experimental study on shear behavior of fire-damaged reinforced concrete T-beams retrofitted with prestressed steel straps. Constr Build Mater 209:644–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.054
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the comments received from their beloved colleagues Dr. Aram Hassan and Dr. Ahmed Salih. We also would love to thank Mrs. Avesta Omar for her help during the experiments.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Not applicable.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
This authors are declare no conflict of interest.
Availability of Data and Material
The data in this paper are transparent.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
Ethics Approval
Not applicable.
Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
We do agree to publish it in your journal.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abdullah, W., Rafiq, S.K. Experimental Work on Shear Strengthening of Beams Using Post-Tensioned Metal Straps Wrapped Around Steel Plates Anchored to Normal Steel-Reinforced Concrete Beams. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 46, 3025–3045 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00729-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00729-1