SpringerLink
Log in

Bioconversion of Tannery Hide into Biofertilizer using Bacillus safensis as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and its Efficacy for Plant Growth Study

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Iranian Journal of Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Globally the production of leather products is increasing day by day leaving detrimental solid and liquid wastes from tannery industries. This poses problem to human health and harm the related biota. Processing of these wastes leads to significant environmental pollution. To overcome this issue, converting these wastes into useful end products would be an alternative strategy for the bioconversion of waste into wealth. The present study aims to utilize tannery raw trimming bovine hide solid waste for the bioconversion as biofertilizer through fermentation by plant growth promoting bacteria. Tannery raw trimming bovine hide was screened for its physico-chemical properties and utilized for the isolation of protease producing bacteria also checked for plant growth promoting activity. It showed positive for production of ammonia and siderophore, and exhibited negative result for the production of IAA, HCN and phosphate solubilization test. By using 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis, the isolated strain was identified as Bacillus safensis. Media optimization was carried out to enhance protease production using statistical tools like PB, RSM. The tannery raw trimming bovine hides were fermented with Bacillus safensis and analyzed for NPK values since utilized for plant growth studies. After fermentation the solid hides were liquefied and NPK values were found to be 35 mg/L. This liquid was used for plant growth promoting activity using various concentrations on different plants like (Brinjal, Chilly and Tomato). The highest yield was found at the 50 ml concentration in all plants. Hence, it was concluded that our fermented liquefied solution could be used as biofertilizer for enhancing the promotion of plant growth. It is also employed as a methodology for reducing environmental pollution by the transformation of tannery raw hide solid waste into a commercially valuable product.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of Data and Materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are original results.

References

  • Abdel-Hamid MS, Fouda A, El-Ela HKA, El-Ghamry AA, Hassan SE (2021) Plant growth-promoting properties of bacterial endophytes isolated from roots of Thymus vulgaris L. and investigate their role as biofertilizers to enhance the essential oil contents. BioMol Concepts 12:175–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdullah RRH (2019) Insecticidal activity of Secondary metabolites of locally isolated fungal strains against some cotton insect pests. J Plant ProtPathol 10(12):647–653

    Google Scholar 

  • Akinrinlola RJ, Gary YY, Rhae AD, Anthony OA (2018) Evaluation of Bacillus strains for plant growth promotion and predictability of efficacy by invitro physiological traits. Int J Microbiol 2018:5686874

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Bahadily DCH, Shari FH, Najm MAA, Al-Salman HNK (2019) Antimicrobial activity of the compound 2-piperidinone, N-[4-bromo-n-butyl] extracted from pomegranate peels. Asian J Pharm 13(1):46–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Ami DV, Viral YS, Devayani RT (2019) Alkaline protease—a versatile enzyme. Int J Res Anal Rev 6(2):208–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Arumugam N, Dhandapani B, Mahadevan S (2020) Optimized production of extracellular alkaline protease from Aspergillus tamarii with natural by-products in a batch stirred tank bioreactor. Prep BiochemBiotechnol 50(10):992–999.

  • Beryl GP, Thazeem B, Umesh M, Senthilkumar K, Kumar MN, Preethi K (2021) Bioconversion of feather composts using proteolytic Bacillus mycoides for their possible application as biofertilizer in agriculture. Waste Biomass Valorization 12(12):6795–6809

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat MA, Rasool R, Ramzan S (2019) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture. Acta SciAgric 3:23–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya C, Banerjee S, Acharya U, Mitra A, Mallick I, Haldar A, Haldar S, Ghosh A, Ghosh A (2020) Evaluation of plant growth promotion properties and induction of antioxidative defense mechanism by tea rhizobacteria of Darjeeling. India Sci Reports 10:15536

    Google Scholar 

  • Das S, Hasan A, Thomas T, David AA, Kumar T (2022) Assessment of chemical properties of soil collected from different blocks of west Medinipur district. West Bengal Pharm Innov J 11(6):641–646

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Maraghy SS, Tohamy TA, Hussein KA (2020) Expression of SidD gene and physiological characterization of the rhizosphere plant growth-promoting yeasts. Heliyon 6:e04384

    Google Scholar 

  • Faria F, Saba S, Waqar AK (2020) Nanoparticles as novel emerging therapeutic antibacterial agents in the antibiotics resistant era. Biol Trace Elem Res 199(7):2552–2564

    Google Scholar 

  • Fathy SA, Mahmoud AE, Rashad MM, Ezz MK, Mohammed AT (2018) Improving the nutritive value of olive pomace by solid state fermentation of Kluyveromycesmarxianus with simultaneous production of gallic acid. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 7:135–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco-Sierra ND, Posada LF, Santa-María G, Romero-Tabarez M, Villegas-Escobar V, Álvarez JC (2020) Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0575 genome reveals clues for plant growth promotion and potential for sustainable agriculture. FunctIntegrGenom 20:575–589

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh SK, Bera T, Chakrabarty AM (2020) Microbial siderophore—a boon to agricultural sciences. Biol Control 144:104214

    Google Scholar 

  • Gohil RB, Raval VH, Panchal RR, Rajput KN (2022) Plant growth-promoting activity of Bacillus sp. PG-8 isolated from fermented panchagavya and its effect on the growth of Arachis hypogea. Front Agron 4:805454.

  • Gondim R, Marinho R, Conceicao R (2015) Tanning handmade leather tilapia (Oreochomis sp.) from three natural tanning. Rev Bras de HigieSanid Animal 9(2):172–184.

  • Gou J-Y, Suo S-Z, Shao K-Z, Zhao Q, Yao D, Li H-P, Zhang J-L, Rensing C (2020) Biofertilizers with beneficial rhizobacteria improved plant growth and yield in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). World J MicrobiolBiotechnol 36:86.

  • Hassan T, Naz I, Hussain M (2018) Bacillus cereus: a competent plant growth promoting bacterium of saline sodic field. Pak J Bot 50:1029–1037

    Google Scholar 

  • Hur SJ, Lee SY, Kim YC, Choi I, Kim GB (2014) Effect of fermentation on the antioxidant activity in plant-based foods. Food Chem 160:346–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Jatav P, Gupta A, Singh Ahirwar S, Jatav S, Jatav A, KushwahaK (2017) Production of plant growth hormones indole-3-aceticacid (IAA) using Bacillus by batch fermentation. Global J BiotechnolBiochem 6:612–616.

  • Kamaruzzaman MA, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Hassan M, Othman AR, Idris M (2020) Characterisation OF Pb-RESISTANT plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from Scirpusgrossus. Biocatal AgricBiotechnol 23:101456

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil RR, Madany MM (2017) Stigmasterol relieves the deleterious effects of copper stress in maize. Egypt J Exp Biol (bot) 13(1):99–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalofah A, Ghramh HA, Al-Qthanin RNM, L'taief B (2022) The impact of NPK fertilizer on growth and nutrient accumulation in juniper (Juniperousprocera) trees grown on fire-damaged and intact soils. PLOS ONE 17(1):e0262685.

  • Khan A, Singh P, Srivastava A (2018) Synthesis, nature and utility of universal iron chelator—Siderophore: a review. Microbiol Res 212–213:103–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Diksha SSA, Kumar R (2022) Biofertilizers: an ecofriendly technology for nutrient recycling and environmental sustainability. Curr Res Microb Sci 3:100094

    Google Scholar 

  • Larkin RP (2020) Biological control of soilborne diseases in organicpotato production using hypovirulent strains of Rhizoctoniasolani. Biol AgricHort 36:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Madan SS, Wasewar KL (2017) Optimization for benzeneacetic acid removal from aqueous solution using CaO2 nanoparticles based on Taguchi method. J Appl Res Technol 15(4):332–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Maraz KM (2021) Benefits and problems of chrome tanning in leather processing: approach a greener technology in leather industry. Mater Eng Res 3(1):156–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Mengistie GY, Awlachew ZT (2022) Evaluation of the plant growth promotion effect of Bacillus species on different varieties of tomato (Solanum LycopersicumL.) seedlings. Adv Agric 2022:1771147.

  • Mohammed AF, Oloyede AR, Odeseye AO (2020) Biological control of bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearumusing Pseudomonas species isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 53(1–2):1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokabel S, Olama Z, Ali S, El-Dakak R (2022) The role of plant growth promoting rhizosphere microbiome as alternative biofertilizer in boosting Solanummelangona L. adaptation to salinity stress. Plants 11:659. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050659

  • Nagarajan S, Eswaran P, Masilamani RP, Natarajan H (2018) Chicken feather compost to promote the plant growth activity by using keratinolytic bacteria. Waste Biomass Valorization 9:531–538

    Google Scholar 

  • Nandiyanto ABD, Oktiani R, Ragadhita R (2019) How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indones J SciTechnol 4(1):97–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Rath M, Mitchell TR, Gold SE (2018) Volatiles produced by Bacillus mojavensis RRC101 act as plant growth modulators and are strongly culture-dependent. MicrobiolRes 208:76–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Razzaq A, Sadia S, Arfan A, Qurban A, Muhammad S, Arif M, Muhammad A (2019) Microbial protease applications. Front BioengBiotechnol 7:110

    Google Scholar 

  • Rigueto CVT, Rosseto M, Krein DDC, Ostwald BEP, Massuda LA, Zanella BB, Dettmer A (2020) Alternative uses for tannery wastes: a review of environmental, sustainability, and science. J Leather Sci Eng 2(1):1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Saranya N, Lavanya N, Preethi K (2022) Biological liquefaction and dehairing of tannery hides using protease crude extract from Bacillus safensis. BiomedBiotechnol Res J 6:326–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Saravanan A, Jeevanantham S, Narayanan VA, Kumar PS, Yaashikaa PR, Muthu CMM (2020) Rhizoremediation—a promising tool for the removal of soil contaminants: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 8:103543

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe R, Senges CHR, Bandow JE, Heine T, Lehmann H, Wiche O, Schlomann M, Levican G, Tischler D (2020) Cultivation dependent formation of siderophores by Gordoniarubripertincta CWB2. Microbiol Res 238:126481

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebastian AM, Umesh M, Priyanka K, Preethi K (2021) Isolation of plant growth-promoting Bacillus cereus from soil and its use as a microbial inoculant. Arab J Sci Eng 46:151–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvaraj S, Jeevan V, Jonnalagadda RR, Fathima NN (2019) Conversion of tannery solid waste to sound absorbing nanofibrous materials: a road to sustainability. J Clean Prod 213:375–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheng MM, Jia HK, Zhang GY, Zeng LN, Zhang TT, Long YH, Lan J, Hu ZQ, Zeng Z, Wang B, Liu HM (2020) Siderophore production by rhizosphere biological control bacteria Brevibacillus brevis GZDF3 of Pinelliaternata and its antifungal effects on Candida albicans. JMicrobiolBiotechnol 30(5):689–699

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamenkovic S, Beškoski V, Karabegovic I, Lazic M, Nikolic N (2018) Microbial fertilizers: a comprehensive review of current findings and future perspectives. Span J Agric Res 16:e09R01.

  • Thazeem B, Preethi K, Umesh M, Radhakrishnan S (2018) Nutritive characterization of delimed bovine tannery fleshings for their possible use as a proteinaceous aqua feed ingredient. Waste Biomass Valor 9:1289–1301

    Google Scholar 

  • Thazeem B, Umesh M, Mani VM, Beryl GP, Preethi K (2021) Biotransformation of bovine tannery fleshing into utilizable product with multifunctionalities. BiocatalBiotransform 39:81–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulloa-Munoz R, Olivera-Gonzales P, Castaneda-Barreto A, Villena GK, Tamariz-Angeles C (2020) Diversity of endophytic plant-growth microorganisms from Gentianellaweberbaueri and Valerianapycnantha, highland Peruvian medicinal plants. Microbiol Res 233:126413

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma T, Baiswar V (2013) Isolation and characterization of extracellular thermoalkaline protease producing Bacillus cereus isolated from tannery effluent. Int J Environ Sci 2:23–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye D, Li T, Yi Y, Zhang X, Zou L (2019) Characteristics of endophytic fungi from Polygonum hydropiper suggest potential application for P-phytoextraction. Fungal Ecol 41:126–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Huo R, Kwok LY, Li C, Ma Y, Mi Z, Chen Y (2019) Effects of applying Lactobacillus helveticus H9 as adjunct starter culture in yogurt fermentation and storage. J Dairy Sci 102:223–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou C, Qin H, Chen X, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Yanhe M (2018) A novel alkaline protease from alkaliphilic Idiomarina sp. C9-1 with potential application for eco-friendly enzymatic dehairing in the leather industry. Sci Rep 8:16467.

Download references

Acknowledgements

Author N. Saranya would like to express her heartfelt thanks to the Rashtriya Uchchatar Shikar Abhiyan (RUSA 2.0-BEICH), Government of India, Bharathiar University, for providing financial support throughout the project. Grant number: IQAC RUSA2.0/PF/2020/I dated February 3, 2020.

Funding

The study was financially supported by Rashtriya Uchchatar Shikar Abhiyan (RUSA 2.0-BEICH), Government of India, Bharathiar University, Grant Number: IQAC RUSA2.0/PF/2020/I dated February 3, 2020.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    Saranya Nachimuthu & Preethi Kathirvel

Authors
  1. Saranya Nachimuthu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Preethi Kathirvel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Author NS performed the experiments, and analyzed the data, Dr. KP designed the work and manuscript editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Preethi Kathirvel.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of the article.

Ethical approval

No experimental animals were used for this study.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 54 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nachimuthu, S., Kathirvel, P. Bioconversion of Tannery Hide into Biofertilizer using Bacillus safensis as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and its Efficacy for Plant Growth Study. Iran J Sci 47, 1471–1485 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-023-01542-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-023-01542-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation