Abstract
Algal lipids are being used extensively for the production of environment-friendly biofuels nowadays. However, quantity and quality of the extracted lipids are key prerequisites for the production of quality biofuels. The current study was carried out to analyze biomass productivity, lipid content and fatty acid profile of a pre-characterized oleaginous microalgal species (Scenedesmus dimorphus) raised under mixotrophic conditions using apple-pomace hydrolysate as additional source of carbon and energy. The above-mentioned parameters were compared for the microalgal biomass raised under mixotrophic as well as photoautotrophic conditions to justify the need of the study. Mixotrophic cultivation yielded significantly higher biomass productivity (140.37 mg L−1 d−1) than that of photoautotrophic cultivation (96.55 mg L−1 d−1). Lipids’ content (w/w) was also significantly higher for the biomass raised mixotrophically (41%) as compared to that raised photoautotrophically (28%). Lipidome depicted higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (palmitic and oleic acids). The frequent availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (64 mg g−1 of dried biomass) in the lipid contents of algal biomass raised mixotrophically may ensure the production of high-quality biofuel. Our findings of the present study will be fruitful to top up the biofuel balance by the exploited utility of oleaginous microalgal biomass raised under mixotrophic conditions.
Graphic Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abreu AP, Fernandes B, Vicente AA, Teixeira J, Dragone G (2012) Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using industrial dairy waste as organic carbon source. Bioresour Technol 118:61–66
Ahmed I, Zia MA, Hussain MA, Akram Z, Naveed MT, Nowrouzi A (2016) Bioprocessing of citrus waste peel for induced pectinase production by Aspergillus niger; its purification and characterization. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 9(2):148–154
Batool N, Shakir HA, Qazi JI (2015) Comparative growth potential of different Bacillus species on fruit peels. Punjab Univ J Zool 30(1):25–29
Beaulieu S, Zagury GJ, Descheˆnes L, Samson R (2000) Bioactivation and bioaugmentation of a passive reactor for acid mine drainage treatment. In: Singhal RK, Mehrotra AK (eds) Environmental issues and management of waste in energy and mineral production. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 533–537
Cheirisilp B, Torpee S (2012) Enhanced growth and lipid production of microalgae under mixotrophic culture condition: effect of light intensity, glucose concentration and fed-batch cultivation. Bioresour Technol 110:510–516
Chen J, Wu Y, Xu C, Song M, Liu X (2019) Global non-fossil fuel consumption: driving factors, disparities, and trends. Manag Decis 57:791–810
Chia SR, Ong HC, Chew KW, Show PL, Phang SM, Ling TC, Nagarajan D, Lee DJ, Chang JS (2018) Sustainable approaches for algae utilisation in bioenergy production. Renew Energy 129:838–852
Chu D, Barnes DJ (2016) The lag-phase during diauxic growth is a trade-off between fast adaptation and high growth rate. Sci Rep 6(1):1–15
Demirbas A (2010) Use of algae as biofuel sources. Energ Convers Manag 51:2738–2749
Fan S, Freedman B, Gao J (2007) Potential environmental benefits from increased use of bioenergy in China. Environ Manag 40:504–515
Ghaffar I, Imtiaz A, Hussain A, Javid A, Jabeen F, Akmal M, Qazi JI (2018) Microbial production and industrial applications of keratinases: an overview. Int Microbiol 21(4):163–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-018-0022-1
Goswami RCD, Kalita MC (2011) Scenedesmus dimorphus and Scenedesmus quadricauda: two potent indigenous microalgae strains for biomass production and CO2 mitigation—a study on their growth behavior and lipid productivity under different concentration of urea as nitrogen source. J Algal Biomass Util 2(4):2–4
Grechanik V, Romanova A, Naydov I, Tsygankov A (2020) Photoautotrophic cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: sulfur deficiency, anoxia, and hydrogen production. Photosynth Res 143:275–286
Grover S, Rubina S, Gowda VM, Sibi G (2019) Utilization of vermiwash to promote growth rate and biomass in fresh water microalgae. Trends Appl Sci Res 14:205–209
Gustavsson L, Haus S, Ortiz CA, Sathre R, Le Truong N (2015) Climate effects of bioenergy from forest residues in comparison to fossil energy. Appl Energy 138:36–50
Ho S-H, Chen C-Y, Chang J-S (2012) Effect of light intensity and nitrogen starvation on CO2 fixation and lipid/carbohydrate production of an indigenous microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N. Bioresour Technol 113:244–252
Huntington HG, Barrios JJ, Arora V (2019) Review of key international demand elasticities for major industrializing economies. Energy Policy 133:110878
Hussain A, Qazi JI (2016) Application of sugarcane bagasse for passive anaerobic biotreatment of sulphate rich wastewaters. Appl Water Sci 6(2):205–211
Hussain A, Iqbal MA, Javid A, Razaq A, Aslam S, Hasan A, Akmal M, Qazi JI (2019) Application of fruit wastes as cost-effective carbon sources for biological sulphate reduction. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci 43(1):33–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-017-0436-1
Jabeen F, Hussain A, Younis T, Manzoor M, Samiullah K (2019) Isolation of thermophilic Anoxybacillus beppuensis JF84 and production of thermostable amylase utilizing agro–dairy wastes. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 38(2):417–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12991
Jayalakshmi G, Bhavya KD, Saritha V (2016) Legitimate use of plant waste products for drinking water treatment. J Environ Res Develop 11(2):351–359
Johnsson F, Kjärstad J, Rootzén J (2019) The threat to climate change mitigation posed by the abundance of fossil fuels. Clim Policy 19:258–274
Kalt G, Mayer A, Theurl MC, Lauk C, Erb KH, Haberl H (2019) Natural climate solutions versus bioenergy: can carbon benefits of natural succession compete with bioenergy from short rotation coppice? Glob Change Biol Bioenergy 11:1283–1297
Kong W-B, Yang H, Cao Y-T, Song H, Hua S-F, **a C-G (2013) Effect of glycerol and glucose on the enhancement of biomass, lipid and soluble carbohydrates production by Chlorella vulgaris in mixotrophic culture. Food Technol Biotechnol 51:62–69
Laraib N (2021) Molecular identification and biotechnological potential of some indigenous microalgal species from Pakistan, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Li R, Pan J, Yan M, Yang J, Qin W (2020) Effects of mixotrophic cultivation on antioxidation and lipid accumulation of Chlorella vulgaris in wastewater treatment. Int J Phytoremediat 22:638–643
Manzoor M, Ahmad Q-A, Aslam A, Jabeen F, Rasul A, Schenk PM, Qazi JI (2020) Mixotrophic cultivation of Scenedesmus dimorphus in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. Environ Prog Sust Energy 39(2):e13334
Martins F, Felgueiras C, Smitkova M, Caetano N (2019) Analysis of fossil fuel energy consumption and environmental impacts in European countries. Energies 12:964
Milano J, Ong HC, Masjuki HH, Chong WT, Lam MK, Loh PK, Vellayan V (2016) Microalgae biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuel for power generation. Renew Sust Energy Rev 58:180–197
Nie J, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Kumar M, Usman M, Li J, Shao J, Wang L, Tsang DCW (2019) Bioremediation of water containing pesticides by microalgae: mechanisms, methods, and prospects for future research. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136080
Oh SH, Kwon MC, Choi WY, Seo YC, Kim GB, Lee SY, Lee HY (2010) Long-term outdoor cultivation by perfusing spent medium for biodiesel production from Chlorella minutissima. J Biosci Bioeng 110:194–200
Pathak KK, Das S (2020) Impact of bioenergy on environmental sustainability. In: Kumar RP, Bharathiraja B, Kataki R, Moholkar VS (eds) Biomass valorization to bioenergy. Energy, environment, and sustainability. Springer, Singapore, pp 133–158
Rattanapoltee P, Kaewkannetra P (2014) Utilization of agricultural residues of pineapple peels and sugarcane bagasse as cost-saving raw materials in Scenedesmus acutus for lipid accumulation and biodiesel production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 10:949–964
Ribeiro MA, Oikawa H, Mori MN, Napolitano CM, Duarte CL (2013) Degradation mechanism of polysaccharides on irradiated sugarcane bagasse. Radiat Phys Chem 84:115–118
Rodrigues DB, Flores ÉM, Barin JS, Mercadante AZ, Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ (2014) Production of carotenoids from microalgae cultivated using agroindustrial wastes. Food Res Int 65:144–148
Saleem A, Hussain A, Chaudhary A, Ahmad Q-A, Iqtedar M, Javid A, Akram AM (2020) Acid hydrolysis optimization of pomegranate peels waste using response surface methodology for ethanol production. Biomass Convers Biorefin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01117-x
Saleh F, Hussain A, Younis T, Ali S, Rashid M, Ali A, Mustafa G, Jabeen F, Al-Surhaneee AA, Alnoman MM, Qamer S (2020) Comparative growth potential of thermophilic amylolytic Bacillus sp. on unconventional media food wastes and its industrial application. Saudi J Biol Sci 27(12):3499–3504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.045
Sarpal AS, Teixeira CMLL, Silva PRM, Lima GM, Silva SR, Monteiro TV, Cunha VS, Daroda RJ (2015) Determination of lipid content of oleaginous microalgal biomass by NMR spectroscopic and GC–MS techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 407:3799–3816
Shahbaz M, Chaudhary AR, Ozturk I (2017) Does urbanization cause increasing energy demand in Pakistan? Empirical evidence from STIRPAT model. Energy 122:83–93
Shahid A, Malik S, Zhu H, Xu J, Nawaz MZ, Nawaz S, Alam MA, Mehmood MA (2019) Cultivating microalgae in wastewater for biomass production, pollutant removal, and atmospheric carbon mitigation; a review. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135303
Shalini R, Gupta DK (2010) Utilization of pomace from apple processing industries: a review. J Food Sci Technol 47(4):365–371
Sibi G (2015) Low cost carbon and nitrogen sources for higher microalgal biomass and lipid production using agricultural wastes. J Environ Sci Technol 8:113–121
Turon V, Baroukh C, Trably E, Latrille E, Fouilland E, Steyer JP (2015) Use of fermentative metabolites for heterotrophic microalgae growth: yields and kinetics. Bioresour Technol 175:342–349
Widjaja A, Chien C-C, Ju Y-H (2009) Study of increasing lipid production from fresh water microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 40(1):13–20
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
NL performed all experiments. AH supervised the work and drafted manuscript. AJ and SMB worked on collecting and arranging data. WA helped in statistical analysis. MM and FJ helped in data compilation and critically overviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Laraib, N., Hussain, A., Javid, A. et al. Mixotrophic Cultivation of Scenedesmus dimorphus for Enhancing Biomass Productivity and Lipid Yield. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci 45, 397–403 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-020-01055-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-020-01055-3