Abstract
The success of achieving global water accessibility is contingent upon the sustainable management of water sources. This study aimed to identify and comprehend the sources of water for household use in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria, by surveying 458 households. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were employed to examine the collected data. The findings revealed that 76% of households primarily relied on groundwater as their water source, while only 19% had access to both pipe-borne and groundwater. Significance at p < 0.05 was established, prompting factor analysis (FA) extraction from the 13 variables analyzed. The results identified three key factors that accounted for 79.563% of the reasons behind the underutilization of pipe-borne water (PBW) sources: proximity to the pipe network facility, preference for a specific water source, and reasons for non-connectivity of PBW to homes. Another FA was conducted on 12 factors, exposing two significant factors that explained 66.496% of the reasons for the neglect of surface water. These factors included the usability/quality of urban streams and the impact of seasonal changes. The study highlighted a considerable underutilization of PBW due to various reasons, suggesting the need for policies aimed at maximizing surface water sources through PBW.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Aguilar MD, de Fuentes AG (2007) Barriers to achieving the water and sanitation-related millennium development goals in Cancún, Mexico at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Environ Urban 19(1):243–260
Akhtar N, Syakir-Ishak MI, Bhawani SA, Umar K (2021) Various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for water quality degradation: a review. Water 13(19):2660. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192660
Akinola OT, Ogunbode TO, Akintunde EO (2018) Borehole water quality characteristics and its potability in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. J Sci Res Rep 18(1):1–8
Amoah A (2020) Estimating averting expenditure in domestic water use: evidence from Ghana. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 10(4):894–904. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.197
Angoua ELE, Dongo K, Templeton MR, Zinsstag J, Bonfoh B (2018) Barriers to access improved water and sanitation in poor peri-urban settlements of Abidjan, Côte D’ivoire. PLoS ONE 13(8):e0202928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202928
Armah A, Ekumah B, Yawson DO, Odoi JO, Afitiri A, Nyieku FE (2018) Access to improved water and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa in a quarter century. Heliyon 4(11):e00931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00931
Bayu T, Kim H, Oki T (2020) Water governance contribution to water and sanitation access equality in develo** countries. Water Resourc Res 56:e2019WR025330. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025330
Bello U, Udofia L, Ibitowa O, Abdullahi A, Sulaiman I, Yahuza K (2021) Renewable energy transition: a panacea to the ravaging effects of climate change in Nigeria. J Geosci Env Protect 9:151–167. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2021.912010
Biswas AK (1979) Water development in develo** countries: problems and prospects. GeoJournal 3(5):445–456
Biswas S, Dandapat B, Alam A et al (2022) India’s achievement towards sustainable Development Goal 6 (Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all) in the 2030 Agenda. BMC Public Health 22:2142. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14316-0
Dharmaratnaa D, Parasnisb J (2014) Price responsiveness of residential, industrial and commercial water demand in Sri Lanka. In: Department of Economics, Discussion Paper 44/10, Monash University, Business and Economics
DuChanois RM, Liddle ES, Fenner RA, Jeuland M, Evans B, Cumming O, Zaman RU, Mujica-Pereira AV, Ross I, Gribble MO, Brown J (2019) Factors associated with water service continuity for the rural populations of Bangladesh, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and Mozambique. Environ Sci Technol 53(8):4355–4363. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b07173
Egbinola CN (2017) Trend in access to safe water supply in Nigeria. J Environ Earth Sci 7(8):89–96
Gao Y, Li J, Hao Q, Yu C, Meng S (2018) Analysis on the effect of groundwater overexploitation control in water receiving region of the first phase of the south-north water transfer project MATEC web of conferences 246, 010. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601069
Gebremichael SG, Yismaw E, Tsegaw BD, Shibeshi AD (2021) Determinants of water source use, quality of water, sanitation and hygiene perceptions among urban households in North-West Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 16(4):e0239502. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239502
Gershom NA, Kirui S, Maingi J, Kebira A (2019) Effects of seasonality on physico-chemical properties and selected ligands on rivers in Sigor Division, West Pokot County, Kenya. Aquademia 3(1):ep1012. https://doi.org/10.29333/aquademia/8393
Gomez M, Perdiguero J, Sanz A (2019) Socioeconomic factors affecting water access in rural areas of low and middle income countries. Water 11:202. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020202
Graham JP, Hirai M, Kim S-S (2016) An analysis of water collection labor among women and children in 24 sub-saharan African countries. PLoS ONE 11(6):e0155981. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155981
Ibrahim RB, Toyobo EA, Adedotun SB, Yunus S (2018) Evaluation of the public pipe-borne water supply in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Econ Environ Stud 18(3):1105–1118. https://doi.org/10.25167/ees.2018.47.4
Krzymowski A (2021) Water diplomacy and its strategic significance for sustainable development goals and global security architecture. Sustainability 13(24):13898. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413898
Küfeoğlu S (2022) SDG-6 clean water and sanitation. In: Emerging technologies. Sustainable development goals series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07127-0_8
Manes S, Costello MJ, Beckett H, Debnath A, Devenish-Nelson E, Grey K, Jenkins R, Khan TM, Kiessling W, Krause C, Maharaj S, Midgley GF, Price J, Talukdar G, Vale MM (2021) Endemism increases species’ climate change risk in areas of global biodiversity importance. Biol Conserv 257:109070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109070
Martínez-Santos P, Martín-Loeches M, Díaz-Alcaide S, Danert K (2020) Manual borehole drilling as a cost-effective solution for drinking water access in low-income contexts. Water 12(7):1981. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071981
Mugagga F, Nabaasa BB (2016) The centrality of water resources to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). A review of potentials and constraints on the African continent. Int Soil Water Conserv Res 4(3):215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.05.004
Ngben JM, Yakubu I (2023) ‘You just have to stay awake and keep spying on the pipes’: everyday experiences of piped water access in Tamale, Ghana. Habitat Int 138:102865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102865
Ogbuagu U, Ubi P, Effiom L (2014) Corruption and infrastructural decay: perceptible evidence from Nigeria. J Econ Sustain Dev 5(10):20–27
Ogunbode TO (2021) Sustainability of global water access and the many challenges of develo** nations: an overview. Hydrol Curr Res 12(3):1–5
Ogunbode TO, Akinola OT (2019b) Hydrochemistry and water quality index application in the assessment of groundwater quality in Oyo State Nigeria. Int J Hydrol Sci Technol 6:657–674
Ogunbode TO, Ifabiyi IP (2014) Determinants of domestic water consumption in a growing urban centre in Osun State, Nigeria. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 8(4):247–255. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2013.1627
Ogunbode TO, Ifabiyi IP (2019) Análisis del balance temporal del agua en diferentes escenarios climáticos en el estado de Oyo, Nigeria. Sustain Agric Food Environ Res 7(2):163–177. https://doi.org/10.7770/safer-V0N0-art1476
Ogunbode TO, Ifabiyi IP (2022) Urban growth and the challenge of water security: a case study of Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. Res Rev J Ecol Environ Sci 10(5):13–25. https://doi.org/10.4172/23477830.10.05.002
Ogunbode TO, Akintunde OT, Akinola OT (2016a) Assessment of underground water qualityand pollution sources apportionment in a growing urban centre in Osun Starte, southwestern Nigeria. Eur J Geogr 7(3):71–85
Ogunbode TO, Ifabiyi IP, Olutona GO, Akintunde EA (2016b) Spatial characteristics of undergroundwater chemistry in some selected rural areas of Ogbomoso zone of Oyo State Nigeria. Eur J Earth Env 392:17–30
Ogunbode TO, Akintunde EA, Akinola OT (2017) An assessment of seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of underground water in a growing tropical city in Nigeria. Ethiop J Environ Stud Manage 10(3):378–388. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v10i3.8
Ogunbode TO, Akande JA, Ogungbile PO, Odekunle O (2019) Sustainability and resilience of Aiba Dam in Iwo, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 23(10):1937–1942
Ogunbode TO, Ifabiyi IP, Suleiman MY (2020) Achieving sustainable water supply in the rural areas using water poverty index (WPI): a case of rural communities In Oyo State, Nigeria. Niger J Water Resourc 6(1):54–69
Ogunbode TO, Owoeye MO, Afolabi CO, Oyebamiji VO (2022a) Impact of domestic water provision on women in their educational attainment: a case of Iwo, Nigeria. Bahria Univ J Human Soc Sci 5(1):24–30
Ogunbode TO, Oyebamiji VO, Ogundele JA, Faboro OO (2023a) Household preference for wastewater reuse/recycling practice determinants in a growing community in Nigeria. Front Environ Sci 10:1051532. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1051532
Ogunbode TO, Oyebamiji VO, Oluwole OA, Akande JA (2023b) Analysis of household daily water consumption dynamics in the tropical environment. Scientifica 2023:11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9956847
Ogungbile PO, Ajibade AO, Ogunbode TO, Akande JA, Aliku CB, Sridhar MKC (2023) Assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of River Niger at Ajaokuta, Kogi State, Nigeria Ghana. J Geogr 15(1):185–197. https://doi.org/10.4314/gig.v15i1.9
Olajuyigbe AE, Olamiju IO, Ola-Omole CM (2017) Vulnerability of hand-dug wells in the core area of Akure, Nigeria. Urban Water J 14(8):797–803. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2016.1254257
Omole DO (2013) Sustainable groundwater exploitation in Nigeria. J Water Resourc Ocean Sci 2(2):9–14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20130202.11
Our World in Data team (2023) Ensure access to water and sanitation for all. In: Published online at OurWorldInData.org. https://ourworldindata.org/sdgs/clean-water-sanitation
Sarkar SK, Bharat GK (2021) Achieving sustainable development goals in water and sanitation sectors in India. J Water Sanitat Hyg Dev 11(5):693–705. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.002
Schmidt JJ (2021) Water as global social policy—international organizations, resource scarcity, and environmental security. In: Martens K, Niemann D, Kaasch A (eds) International organizations in global social governance. Global Dynamics of social policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65439-9_12
Shehu B, Nazim F (2022) Clean water and sanitation for all: study on SDGs 6.1 and 6.2 targets with state policies and interventions in Nigeria. In: The 9th international conference on sustainable development. https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022015071
Umar DA, Ramli MF, Aris AZ, Jamil N, Tukur AI (2019) Surface water resources management along Hadejia River Basin, northwestern Nigeria. H2Open J 2(1):184–199. https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2019.010
Valero D, Cook J, Lee A, Browne A, Ellis R, Pancholi V, Hoolohan C (2023) Addressing water poverty under climate crisis: implications for social policy. Soc Policy Soc 22(4):747–762. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746423000258
Weststrate J, Dijkstra G, Eshuis J, Gianoli A, Ruscca M (2019) The sustainable development goal on water and sanitation: learning from the millennium development goals. Soc Indic Res 143:795–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1965-5
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the Management of Bowen University for the financial support received to generate data used in this study through grant number BRG/2023/007.
Funding
No funding or sponsorship was received from any source for this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
OTO: conceptualization, supervision. Data curation, investigation, resources, formal analysis, writing: review and editing; EVI: project administration, formal analysis, investigation and editing. JAA: project administration, review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All experimental protocols were approved by Bowen University Research Ethical Committee with the approval number BUREC/COAES/AGR/003. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects that participated in the survey.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ogunbode, T.O., Esan, V.I. & Akande, J.A. Water resources endowment and the challenge of underutilization in a tropical community in Nigeria. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 10, 72 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-024-01061-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-024-01061-y