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Anion exchange membranes based on long side-chain quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(arylene piperidinium)s for vanadium redox flow batteries

长侧链季铵基团功能化聚(亚芳基-哌啶鎓盐)阴离子交换膜的制备及在全钒液流电池中的应用

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Abstract

A new series of poly(arylene piperidinium)-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are proposed for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The AEMs are fabricated via the Menshutkin reaction between poly(arylene piperidine) without ether bonds in the backbone and various quaternizing agents, including iodomethane, 1-bromopentane, and (5-bromopentyl)-trimethylammonium bromide. The properties of the AEMs are investigated in terms of sulfuric acid do** content, swelling, vanadium permeability, ion selectivity, area-specific resistance, mechanical properties, VRFB performance, and cyclic testing. Particularly, a method of measuring the H+ permeability of the AEM is developed. It demonstrates that the poly(p-terphenyl-N-methylpiperidine)-quaternary ammonium (PTP-QA) membrane with a QA cation-tethered alkyl chain exhibits high H+ permeability, resulting in low area resistance. Combined with its low vanadium permeance, the PTP-QA membrane achieves nearly 370 times higher ion selectivity than Nafion 115. The VRFB based on PTP-QA-based AEM displays high Coulombic efficiencies above 99% at current densities of 80–160 mA cm−2. The higher energy efficiency of 89.8% is achieved at 100 mA cm−2 (vs. 73.6% for Nafion 115). Meanwhile, the PTP-QA-based AEM shows good cycling stability and capacity retention, proving great potential as the ion exchange membrane for VRFB applications.

摘要

离子选择性是全钒氧化还原液流电池(VRFBs)用膜材料的重要性能指标. 本文以主链中没有醚键的聚(亚芳基哌啶-哌啶)(PTP)为基体材料, 通过其和碘甲烷、1-溴戊烷和(5-溴戊基)-三甲基溴化铵间的门秀金(Menshutkin)反应, 使PTP中哌啶基团季铵化, 合成了不同侧链接枝的聚(亚芳基-哌啶鎓盐)型阴离子交换膜(AEMs). 研究了AEMs的硫酸掺杂含量、溶胀性、钒离子渗透性、离子选择性、面电阻、机械性能、全钒液流电池性能和循环寿命. 同时提出了一种测量AEMs氢离子透过率的方法, 结果表明, 氢离子在AEMs中也能有效传导. 长侧链季铵盐接枝的膜材料(PTP-QA)具有最高的H+透过率, 同时具有较低的面电阻和良好的阻钒性能. PTP-QA膜的离子选择性(电导率与钒离子透过率的比值)是Nafion 115离子选择性的370倍. 由PTP-QA膜组装的VRFB, 在80–160 mA cm−2电流密度下的库伦效率高于99%; 在100 mA cm−2下的能量效率高达89.8% (Nafion 115组装的VRFB的能量效率为73.6%); 同时, 该VRFB也表现出良好的循环稳定性和容量保持率. 研究表明聚(亚芳基-哌啶鎓盐)型AEMs在VRFB中具有潜在的应用价值.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51603031), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (N2005026), Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (20180550871 and 2020-MS-087), and the Innovation Fund Denmark (DanFlow). The authors thank Prof. Jianguo Liu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for the valuable assistance in the vanadium redox flow battery testing.

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  1. These authors contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

    Xuefu Che  (车雪夫), Weiqin Tang  (唐维琴), Jianhao Dong  (董建豪) & **gshuai Yang  (杨景帅)

  2. Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej, Building 375, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark

    David Aili

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  1. Xuefu Che  (车雪夫)
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Contributions

Yang J and Che X designed the experiments; Che X, Tang W, and Dong J performed the experiments; Yang J, Che X, and Aili D wrote the paper. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data and scientific discussion.

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Correspondence to David Aili or **gshuai Yang  (杨景帅).

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Experimental details and supporting data are available in the online version of the paper.

Xuefu Che is currently a master’s student at the Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University (NEU), China. His research interest focuses on the synthesis of new polymers for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells and vanadium redox flow batteries.

Weiqin Tang is currently a master’s student at the Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, NEU, China. Her research interest focuses on the preparation and performance of basic groups functionalized membranes for the vanadium redox flow battery.

David Aili is a senior researcher at the Department of Energy Conversion and Storage at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU Energy). He has an educational background in organic chemistry and obtained his PhD degree from DTU in 2011. His field of research spans from fundamental chemistry and polymer science to catalysis and electrochemical conversion in the context of fuel cells, flow batteries, and electrosynthesis of fuels and chemicals.

**gshuai Yang is an associate professor at NEU in China. He received his BS degree in applied chemistry and PhD degree in physical chemistry from NEU in 2007 and 2013, respectively. From 2010 to 2012, he studied at the Technical University of Denmark as a guest PhD. His fields of research include polymer electrolyte membranes and their applications in electrochemical systems (fuel cell, flow battery, water electrolyzer, supercapacitor, et al.).

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Anion exchange membranes based on long side-chain quaternary ammonium functionalized poly(arylene piperidinium)s for vanadium redox flow batteries

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Che, X., Tang, W., Dong, J. et al. Anion exchange membranes based on long side-chain quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(arylene piperidinium)s for vanadium redox flow batteries. Sci. China Mater. 65, 683–694 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-1786-0

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