Fig. 3
a Lithium-ion transference numbers for the PP, M/PP, MC/PP and MCCoS/PP separators tested by Li || Li symmetric cells. b UV–vis absorption spectra of the liquid in the right of electrolyzer. c CV curves of the symmetric cells assembled using CP, MX/CP, and MX@CoS2/CP. Precipitation profiles of Li2S with d MX@CoS2 and e MX. Dissolution profiles of Li2S with f MX@CoS2 and g MX. h CV curves. i Tafel plots calculated from the Peak 2 and Peak 3 of CV curves. j Activation energies (Ea) of the Li2S4 reduction. k Charge curves of Li–S battery based on the different separators