Abstract
Biocompatible oxide coatings obtained by plasma electrolyte oxidation (PEO) have been used to improve the surface properties of bone grafts made of titanium. However, few studies explore the occurrence of wear in reciprocating mode. The chondrogenic differentiation over coatings obtained by PEO has not been explored either. These coatings tend to induce the osseointegration by contributing to the osteogenic differentiation behaviour, however, there is no evidence of their influence on the formation of cartilaginous matrix. Thus, this work aimed to investigate the behaviour of cell viability and differentiation (osteogenic and chondrogenic) and the tribological properties of coatings obtained by PEO at different voltages on the CP-Ti substrate for future applications in tissue engineering field. The morphology and structure of the coatings were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, profilometry and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The chemical composition of the coatings was analysed by energy dispersive spectroscopy and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry. Wear resistance was evaluated in a tribometer, in ball-on-plate configuration and in reciprocating mode. The biological behaviour was characterised by cell viability, adhesion and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells assays. The results showed that the formation of the rutile phase in Ti-PEO250V and Ti-PEO300V coatings influenced the superior wear resistance behaviour, in relation to Ti-PEO200V. Furthermore, it was found that the increase in the applied voltage caused an increase in the incorporation of Ca and P elements in the coatings. Besides this, biological results indicated that all obtained coatings were not cytotoxic, allowing adhesion and consequently cell differentiation in osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40735-021-00627-z/MediaObjects/40735_2021_627_Fig11_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fazel M, Shamanian M, Salimijazi HR (2020) Enhanced corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy by auto–sealed micro-arc oxidation layers. Biotribology 23:100131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotri.2020.100131
Santos PB, Baldin EK, Krieger DA et al (2021) Wear performance and osteogenic differentiation behavior of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloys: potential application for bone tissue repairs. Surf Coat Technol 417:127179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127179
Parfenov EV, Parfenova LV, Dyakonov GS et al (2019) Surface functionalization via PEO coating and RGD peptide for nanostructured titanium implants and their in vitro assessment. Surf Coat Technol 357:669–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.10.068
Aliasghari S, Skeldon P, Thompson GE (2014) Plasma electrolytic oxidation of titanium in a phosphate/silicate electrolyte and tribological performance of the coatings. Appl Surf Sci 316:463–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.037
Malinovschi V, Marin A, Andrei V et al (2019) Obtaining and characterization of PEO layers prepared on CP-Ti in sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate acidic electrolyte solution. Surf Coat Technol 375:621–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.07.034
Ao N, Liu D, Zhang X, He G (2020) Microstructural characteristics of PEO coating: effect of surface nanocrystallization. J Alloy Compd 823:153823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.153823
Hussein RO, Nie X, Northwood DO et al (2010) Spectroscopic study of electrolytic plasma and discharging behaviour during the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process. J Phys D: Appl Phys 43:105203. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/10/105203
May Zin WW, Buttachon S, Dethoup T et al (2017) Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the metabolites isolated from the culture of the mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Eurotium chevalieri KUFA 0006. Phytochemistry 141:86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.05.015
Liu Y, Zhu D, Gilbert JL (2021) Sub-nano to nanometer wear and tribocorrosion of titanium oxide-metal surfaces by in situ atomic force microscopy. Acta Biomater 126:477–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.049
De Poi RP, Kowolik M, Oshida Y, El Kholy K (2021) The oxidative response of human monocytes to surface modified commercially pure titanium. Front Immunol 12:2007. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.618002
Pehlivan E, Roudnicka M, Dzugan J et al (2020) Effects of build orientation and sample geometry on the mechanical response of miniature CP-Ti Grade 2 strut samples manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Addit Manuf 35:101403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101403
Parfenova LV, Lukina ES, Galimshina ZR et al (2020) Biocompatible organic coatings based on bisphosphonic acid RGD-derivatives for PEO-modified titanium implants. Molecules 25:229. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010229
Santos-Coquillat A, Martínez-Campos E, Mohedano M et al (2018) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of PEO-modified titanium for bone implant applications. Surf Coat Technol 347:358–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.04.051
Whiteside P, Matykina E, Gough JE et al (2010) In vitro evaluation of cell proliferation and collagen synthesis on titanium following plasma electrolytic oxidation. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 94A:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32664
Echeverry-Rendón M, Galvis O, Aguirre R et al (2017) Modification of titanium alloys surface properties by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and influence on biological response. J Mater Sci Mater Med 28:169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-017-5972-x
Ahounbar E, Mousavi Khoei SM, Omidvar H (2019) Characteristics of in-situ synthesized Hydroxyapatite on TiO2 ceramic via plasma electrolytic oxidation. Ceram Int 45:3118–3125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.206
Mortazavi G, Jiang J, Meletis EI (2019) Investigation of the plasma electrolytic oxidation mechanism of titanium. Appl Surf Sci 488:370–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.05.250
Becerikli M, Kopp A, Kröger N et al (2021) A novel titanium implant surface modification by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) preventing tendon adhesion. Mater Sci Eng C 123:112030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.112030
Costa AI, Sousa L, Alves AC, Toptan F (2020) Tribocorrosion behaviour of bio-functionalized porous Ti surfaces obtained by two-step anodic treatment. Corros Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108467
Fazel M, Salimijazi HR, Golozar MA, Garsivaz jazi MR (2015) A comparison of corrosion, tribocorrosion and electrochemical impedance properties of pure Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy treated by micro-arc oxidation process. Appl Surf Sci 324:751–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.11.030
Bernardi L, Luisi SB, Fernandes R et al (2011) The isolation of stem cells from human deciduous teeth pulp is related to the physiological process of resorption. J Endod 37:973–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.04.010
Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I et al (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8:315–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/14653240600855905
Dos Santos FP, Peruch T, Katami SJV et al (2019) Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffold induces short-term nerve regeneration and functional recovery following sciatic nerve transection in rats. Neuroscience 396:94–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.007
Maurmann N, Pereira DP, Burguez D et al (2017) Mesenchymal stem cells cultivated on scaffolds formed by 3D printed PCL matrices, coated with PLGA electrospun nanofibers for use in tissue engineering. Biomed Phys Eng Express 3:045005. https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/aa6308
Siqueira RL, Maurmann N, Burguêz D et al (2017) Bioactive gel–glasses with distinctly different compositions: bioactivity, viability of stem cells and antibiofilm effect against Streptococcus mutans. Mater Sci Eng, C 76:233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.056
Yerokhin AL, Nie X, Leyland A et al (1999) Plasma electrolysis for surface engineering. Surf Coat Technol 122:73–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00441-7
de Souza GB, de Lima GG, Kuromoto NK et al (2011) Tribo-mechanical characterization of rough, porous and bioactive Ti anodic layers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 4:796–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.09.012
**a Q, Wang J, Liu G et al (2016) Effects of electric parameters on structure and thermal control property of PEO ceramic coatings on Ti alloys. Surf Coat Technol 307:1284–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.07.073
Hussein RO, Nie X, Northwood DO (2013) An investigation of ceramic coating growth mechanisms in plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) processing. Electrochim Acta 112:111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.137
Fei C, Hai Z, Chen C, Yangjian X (2009) Study on the tribological performance of ceramic coatings on titanium alloy surfaces obtained through microarc oxidation. Prog Org Coat 64:264–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.08.034
Kyrylenko S, Warchoł F, Oleshko O et al (2021) Effects of the sources of calcium and phosphorus on the structural and functional properties of ceramic coatings on titanium dental implants produced by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Mater Sci Eng, C 119:111607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111607
Rafieerad AR, Ashra MR, Mahmoodian R, Bushroa AR (2015) Surface characterization and corrosion behavior of calcium phosphate-base composite layer on titanium and its alloys via plasma electrolytic oxidation: a review paper. Mater Sci Eng C 57:397–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.058
Fazel M, Salimijazi HR, Shamanian M et al (2019) Influence of hydrothermal treatment on the surface characteristics and electrochemical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V bio-functionalized through plasma electrolytic oxidation. Surf Coat Technol 374:222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.088
Faghihi-Sani M-A, Arbabi A, Mehdinezhad-Roshan A (2013) Crystallization of hydroxyapatite during hydrothermal treatment on amorphous calcium phosphate layer coated by PEO technique. Ceram Int 39:1793–1798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.08.026
Fattah-Alhosseini A, Keshavarz MK, Molaei M, Gashti SO (2018) Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process on commercially pure Ti surface: effects of electrolyte on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of coatings. Metall and Mat Trans A 49:4966–4979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4824-8
Park M-G, Choe H-C (2019) Corrosion behaviors of bioactive element coatings on PEO-treated Ti–6Al–4V alloys. Surf Coat Technol 376:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.07.093
Roknian M, Fattah-alhosseini A, Gashti SO (2018) Plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on pure Ti substrate: effects of Na3PO4 concentration on morphology and corrosion behavior of coatings in ringer’s physiological solution. J of Materi Eng and Perform 27:1343–1351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3236-7
Kazek-Kęsik A, Dercz G, Suchanek K et al (2015) Biofunctionalization of Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Part I. Surf Coat Technol 276:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.06.034
Durdu S, Usta M (2014) The tribological properties of bioceramic coatings produced on Ti6Al4V alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Ceram Int 40:3627–3635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.09.062
Zywitzki O, Modes T, Sahm H et al (2004) Structure and properties of crystalline titanium oxide layers deposited by reactive pulse magnetron sputtering. Surf Coat Technol 180–181:538–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.115
Modes T, Scheffel B, Chr M et al (2005) Structure and properties of titanium oxide layers deposited by reactive plasma activated electron beam evaporation. Surf Coat Technol 200:306–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.02.080
de Viteri VS, Bayón R, Igartua A et al (2016) Structure, tribocorrosion and biocide characterization of Ca, P and I containing TiO2 coatings developed by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Appl Surf Sci 367:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.145
Zhao Z, Chen X, Chen A et al (2009) Synthesis of bioactive ceramic on the titanium substrate by micro-arc oxidation. J Biomed Mater Res A 90:438–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31902
Yu S, Yu Z, Wang G et al (2011) Biocompatibility and osteoconduction of active porous calcium–phosphate films on a novel Ti–3Zr–2Sn–3Mo–25Nb biomedical alloy. Colloids Surf, B 85:103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.025
dos Santos A, Araujo JR, Landi SM et al (2014) A study of the physical, chemical and biological properties of TiO2 coatings produced by micro-arc oxidation in a Ca–P-based electrolyte. J Mater Sci Mater Med 25:1769–1780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-014-5207-3
Santos-Coquillat A, Mohedano M, Martinez-Campos E et al (2019) Bioactive multi-elemental PEO-coatings on titanium for dental implant applications. Mater Sci Eng C 97:738–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.097
Han J, Cheng Y, Tu W et al (2018) The black and white coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy or pure titanium by plasma electrolytic oxidation in concentrated silicate electrolyte. Appl Surf Sci 428:684–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.09.109
Martini C, Ceschini L, Tarterini F et al (2010) PEO layers obtained from mixed aluminate–phosphate baths on Ti–6Al–4V: dry sliding behaviour and influence of a PTFE topcoat. Wear 269:747–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.07.011
Yerokhin AL, Nie X, Leyland A, Matthews A (2000) Characterisation of oxide films produced by plasma electrolytic oxidation of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Surf Coat Technol 130:195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00719-2
Ningshen S, Sakairi M, Suzuki K, Okuno T (2015) Corrosion performance and surface analysis of Ti–Ni–Pd–Ru–Cr alloy in nitric acid solution. Corros Sci 91:120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.010
Câmara Noronha L, Velho de Castro V, Ludwig GA et al (2020) Ti–Cp: eletrochemical behaviour under slurry erosion wear. J Bio Tribo Corros 7:8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-020-00442-y
Doni Z, Alves AC, Toptan F et al (2013) Dry sliding and tribocorrosion behaviour of hot pressed CoCrMo biomedical alloy as compared with the cast CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V alloys. Mater Des 1980–2015(52):47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.032
Budinski KG (1991) Tribological properties of titanium alloys. Wear 151:203–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(91)90249-T
Alves SA, Bayón R, de Viteri VS et al (2015) Tribocorrosion behavior of calcium- and phosphorous-enriched titanium oxide films and study of osteoblast interactions for dental implants. J Bio Tribo Corros 1:23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-015-0023-y
Çaha I, Alves AC, Affonço LJ et al (2019) Corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of titanium nitride thin films grown on titanium under different deposition times. Surf Coat Technol 374:878–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.06.073
Sankara Narayanan TSN, Kim J, Park HW (2020) High performance corrosion and wear resistant Ti–6Al–4V alloy by the hybrid treatment method. Appl Surf Sci 504:144388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144388
Mohedano M, Guzman R, Arrabal R et al (2013) Bioactive plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings—the role of the composition, microstructure, and electrochemical stability: bioactive plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings. J Biomed Mater Res 101:1524–1537. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.32974
Santos-Coquillat A, Gonzalez Tenorio R, Mohedano M et al (2018) Tailoring of antibacterial and osteogenic properties of Ti6Al4V by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Appl Surf Sci 454:157–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.267
Echeverry-Rendón M, Galvis O, Quintero Giraldo D et al (2015) Osseointegration improvement by plasma electrolytic oxidation of modified titanium alloys surfaces. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 26:72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-015-5408-4
Harvey AG, Hill EW, Bayat A (2013) Designing implant surface topography for improved biocompatibility. Expert Rev Med Devices 10:257–267. https://doi.org/10.1586/erd.12.82
Kulkarni M, Patil-Sen Y, Junkar I et al (2015) Wettability studies of topologically distinct titanium surfaces. Colloids Surf B 129:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.03.024
Kaitainen S, Mähönen AJ, Lappalainen R et al (2013) TiO2 coating promotes human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation without the loss of their capacity for chondrogenic differentiation. Biofabrication 5:025009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/5/2/025009
Lohberger B, Eck N, Glaenzer D et al (2021) Surface modifications of titanium aluminium vanadium improve biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation potential. Materials 14:1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061574
Plekhova NG, Lyapun IN, Drobot EI et al (2020) Functional state of mesenchymal stem cells upon exposure to bioactive coatings on titanium alloys. Bull Exp Biol Med 169:147–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-020-04841-6
Acknowledgements
C.F. Malfatti acknowledges CNPq (Grant 307723/2018-6), E.K. Baldin acknowledges CNPq (Gran 155466/2018-6), V.V Castro acknowledges CNPq (166262/2018-8) and P.B. Santos acknowledges CAPES (88887.372291/2019-00).
Funding
The present work was developed with the support of the Brazilian government through the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (408366/2018-4). The authors acknowledge CAPES-PROEX—23038.000341/2019-71 and Research Support Foundation of the State of RS (FAPERGS) (19/2551-0000699-3 and 19/2551-0002280-8).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baldin, E.K., Santos, P.B., de Castro, V.V. et al. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Coated CP-Ti: Wear Performance on Reciprocating Mode and Chondrogenic–Osteogenic Differentiation. J Bio Tribo Corros 8, 29 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-021-00627-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-021-00627-z