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Sociodemographic Inequalities in COVID-19 Booster Dose Vaccination Coverage: a Retrospective Study of 196 Provinces in Peru

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Abstract

Background

The COVID-19 vaccination coverage shows variability in booster doses between residency areas or ethnicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate how sociodemographic conditions influence unequal vaccination coverage with booster doses against COVID-19 in Peru.

Methods

A retrospective, ecological study with an evaluation of 196 provinces in Peru. The sociodemographic conditions were evaluated as sources of inequality (sex, age group, educational level, residence area, and ethnic group). The inequality measure used was the GINI, an index that show the inequal vaccination coverage with third and fourth booster doses against COVID-19 in Peruvians provinces. The index allow determinate a higher inequality when the value is near to 1, and a lower inequality when the value is near to 0. Also, the impact of each sociodemographic condition in the general inequality was evaluate with a decomposition analysis of GINI coefficient into Sk (composition effect), Gk (redistribution effect), Rk (differential effect).

Results

In provinces evaluated the mean vaccine coverage for the third and fourth booster doses was 57.00% and 22.19%, respectively at twelve months since the beginning of vaccination campaign. The GINI coefficient was 0.33 and 0.31, for the third and fourth booster doses coverage, respectively. In the decomposition analysis, twelve months after the start of the third and fourth dose vaccination campaign, revealed higher Sk values for people living in rural areas (Sk = 0.94 vs. Sk = 2.39, respectively for third and fourth dose), while higher Gk values for Aymara (Gk = 0.92 vs. Gk = 0.92, respectively), Quechua (Gk = 0.53 vs. Gk = 0.53, respectively), and Afro-Peruvians (Gk = 0.61 vs. Gk = 0.61, respectively). Also, higher negative correlation in Rk values for people with elementary education (Rk=-0.43 vs. Rk=-0.33, respectively), aged between 15 and 19 years (Rk=-0.49 vs. Rk=-0.37, respectively), and Aymara (Rk=-0.51 vs. Rk=-0.66, respectively).

Conclusion

The rural residency area, lower education and Quechua, Aymara or Afro-Peruvians ethnicity determinated inequalities in vaccination coverage with booster doses against COVID-19 in Peruvian provinces.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the division of the Ministry of Health in Peru in charge of develo** the REUNIS platform.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Medicina de San Fernando, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

    Claudio Intimayta-Escalante

  2. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada de Tacna, Tacna, Peru

    Gustavo Tapia-Sequeiros

  3. Asociación para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Estudiantil en Ciencias de la Salud, Lima, Peru

    Daniel Rojas-Bolivar

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Contributions

CIE and DRB participated in the conception and design of the study; CIE, and GTS participated in data collection, while CIE and DRB participated in data management. Also, CIE developed the formal analysis. All authors participated in the interpretation of the results, the writing and review of manuscript. Finally, all authors of this research approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Claudio Intimayta-Escalante.

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Ethics Approval

This study used openly available data from the national platform in Peru. Therefore, there was a development in the confidence and anonymity of all participants. Since this study used aggregated data from provinces, it did not necessitate approval from an ethical committee.

Consent to Participate

No applicable because this study used openly available data from the national platform in Peru. Therefore, there was a development in the confidence and anonymity of all participants. Since this study used aggregated data from provinces, it did not necessitate approval from an ethical committee.

Consent to Publish

No applicable because this study used openly available data from the national platform in Peru. Therefore, there was a development in the confidence and anonymity of all participants. Since this study used aggregated data from provinces, it did not necessitate approval from an ethical committee.

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Intimayta-Escalante, C., Tapia-Sequeiros, G. & Rojas-Bolivar, D. Sociodemographic Inequalities in COVID-19 Booster Dose Vaccination Coverage: a Retrospective Study of 196 Provinces in Peru. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-024-02060-7

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