SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of dynamic mechanical analysis of crump rubber epoxy composites: experimental and empirical perspective

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study investigates the dynamic mechanical response of crump rubber filled epoxy composites. The effect of crump rubber content (0, 10, 20 and 30 vol.%) on the storage modulus, loss modulus and dam** properties is assessed by experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental storage modulus decreases with an increase in temperature for all the compositions while the experimental loss modulus of EC-30 registers higher values in comparison with other compositions. Dam** capabilities also increase with higher filler content. The strengthening mechanism of the crump rubber composite is validated through the effectiveness of dispersion, degree of entanglement and activation energy. The increment in the degree of entanglement and activation energy are 84 and 154% higher than the neat epoxy, respectively, which implies the thermal stability of the composite. The results of theoretical modeling evaluated for the storage and loss modulus are in good agreement with the experimental results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Greene JP (2021) Automotive plastics and composites In: Materials and processing. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

  2. Karimi D, Milani AS (2019) SRVE modeling of particulate polymer matrix composites with irregularly shaped inclusions: application to a green stone composite. Compos Struct 228:111331

    Google Scholar 

  3. Damadzadeh B et al (2010) Effect of ceramic filler content on the mechanical and thermal behaviour of poly-l-lactic acid and poly-l-lactic-co-glycolic acid composites for medical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 21(9):2523–2531

    Google Scholar 

  4. Oladele IO, Omotosho TF, Adediran AA (2020) Polymer-based composites: an indispensable material for present and future applications. Int J Polym Sci 2020:8834518

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gupta N et al (2014) Applications of polymer matrix syntactic foams. Jom 66(2):245–254

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lapkovskis V et al (2020) Crumb rubber as a secondary raw material from waste rubber: a short review of end-of-life mechanical processing methods. Recycling 5(4):32

    Google Scholar 

  7. Koltun P (2010) Materials and sustainable development. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 20:16–29

    Google Scholar 

  8. Materials for sustainability. Nature (2002) 419(6907):543–543

  9. Yang M et al (2019) Thermal and mechanical performance of unidirectional composites from bamboo fibers with varying volume fractions. Polym Compos 40(10):3929–3937

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dayo AQ et al (2017) Natural hemp fiber reinforced polybenzoxazine composites: curing behavior, mechanical and thermal properties. Compos Sci Technol 144:114–124

    Google Scholar 

  11. Shahapurkar K et al (2018) Compressive behavior of cenosphere/epoxy syntactic foams in arctic conditions. Compos B Eng 135:253–262

    Google Scholar 

  12. Shahapurkar K et al (2018) Influence of surface modification on wear behavior of fly ash cenosphere/epoxy syntactic foam. Wear 414–415:327–340

    Google Scholar 

  13. Shahapurkar K et al (2019) Effect of cenosphere filler surface treatment on the erosion behavior of epoxy matrix syntactic foams. Polym Compos 40(6):2109–2118

    Google Scholar 

  14. Baensch-Baltruschat B et al (2020) Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP)—a review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment. Sci Total Environ 733:137823

    Google Scholar 

  15. Satapathy A et al (2009) Processing and characterization of jute-epoxy composites reinforced with SiC derived from rice husk. J Reinf Plast Compos 29(18):2869–2878

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kumar S et al (2019) Synergy of rice-husk filler on physico-mechanical and tribological properties of hybrid Bauhinia-vahlii/sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. J Market Res 8(2):2070–2082

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Jain N et al (2019) Mechanical characterization and machining performance evaluation of rice husk/epoxy an agricultural waste based composite material. J Mech Behav Mater 28(1):29–38

    Google Scholar 

  18. Patnaik PK, Swain PTR, Biswas S (2019) Investigation of mechanical and abrasive wear behavior of blast furnace slag-filled needle-punched nonwoven viscose fabric epoxy hybrid composites. Polym Compos 40(6):2335–2345

    Google Scholar 

  19. Patnaik PK, Biswas S (2018) Effect of blast furnace slag content on mechanical and slurry abrasion behavior of needle-punched non-woven fabric reinforced epoxy composites. Adv Polym Technol 37(6):1764–1773

    Google Scholar 

  20. Salasinska K et al (2018) Evaluation of highly filled epoxy composites modified with walnut shell waste filler. Polym Bull 75(6):2511–2528

    Google Scholar 

  21. Singh VK (2015) Mechanical behavior of walnut (Juglans L.) shell particles reinforced bio-composite. Sci Eng Compos Mater 22(4):383–390

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Shahapurkar K et al (2022) Effect of crump rubber on the solid particle erosion response of epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 139(2):51470

    Google Scholar 

  23. Shahapurkar K et al (2021) Leverage of environmental pollutant crump rubber on the dry sliding wear response of epoxy composites. Polymers 13(17):2894

    Google Scholar 

  24. Shahapurkar K et al (2021) Parametric analysis of epoxy/crumb rubber composite by using Taguchi—GRA hybrid technique. Polymers 13(19):3441

    Google Scholar 

  25. Shahapurkar K (2021) Tensile behavior of environmental pollutant crumb rubber filled epoxy composites. Mater Res Express 8(9):095505

    Google Scholar 

  26. Shahapurkar K (2021) Compressive behavior of crump rubber reinforced epoxy composites. Polym Compos 42(1):329–341

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhorina LA et al (2018) Structure and properties of crumb rubber–starch composites. Russ J Phys Chem B 12(6):1076–1081

    Google Scholar 

  28. Elenien KFA et al (2018) Assessment of the properties of PP composite with addition of recycled tire rubber. Ain Shams Eng J 9(4):3271–3276

    Google Scholar 

  29. Karakurt C (2015) Microstructure properties of waste tire rubber composites: an overview. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 17(3):422–433

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bulei C et al (2018) Directions for material recovery of used tires and their use in the production of new products intended for the industry of civil construction and pavements. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 294:012064

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wu B, Zhou MH (2009) Recycling of waste tyre rubber into oil absorbent. Waste Manag 29(1):355–359

    Google Scholar 

  32. Yilmaz A, Degirmenci N (2009) Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. Waste Manag 29(5):1541–1546

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rowhani A, Rainey TJ (2016) Scrap tyre management pathways and their use as a fuel—a review. Energies 9(11):888

    Google Scholar 

  34. Sofi A (2018) Effect of waste tyre rubber on mechanical and durability properties of concrete—A review. Ain Shams Eng J 9(4):2691–2700

    Google Scholar 

  35. Yang X et al (2019) The effects of crumb rubber on the properties and microstructure of modified starch degradable composites. BioResources 14(4):8304–8312

    Google Scholar 

  36. Alshukri AA et al (2017) Effect of crumb rubber content and particle size on the mechanical and rheological properties of passenger tyre tread composite. J Eng Appl Sci 12:232–238

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pham TM et al (2018) Effect of crumb rubber on mechanical properties of multi-phase syntactic foams. Polym Test 66:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  38. Saleh BK, Khalil MH (2017) Study on the role of crumb rubber on the thermal and mechanical properties of natural rubber nanocomposites. Egypt J Chem 60(6):1205–1214

    Google Scholar 

  39. Verma A, Negi P and Singh VK (2018) Experimental investigation of chicken feather fiber and crumb rubber reformed epoxy resin hybrid composite: mechanical and microstructural characterization. J Mech Behav Mater 27(3–4) https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2018-0014

  40. Li J, Saberian M, Nguyen BT (2018) Effect of crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of crushed recycled pavement materials. J Environ Manage 218:291–299

    Google Scholar 

  41. Sukanto H et al (2021) Epoxy resins thermosetting for mechanical engineering. Open Eng 11(1):797–814

    Google Scholar 

  42. Sahoo SK, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Mechanical, thermal, and interfacial characterization of randomly oriented short sisal fibers reinforced epoxy composite modified with epoxidized soybean oil. J Nat Fibers 14(3):357–367

    Google Scholar 

  43. Oboh JO et al (2018) Dynamic mechanical properties of crosslinked natural rubber composites reinforced with cellulosic nanoparticles. Niger J Technol 37(3):668–673

    Google Scholar 

  44. Pothan LA, Oommen Z, Thomas S (2003) Dynamic mechanical analysis of banana fiber reinforced polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 63(2):283–293

    Google Scholar 

  45. Akay M (1993) Aspects of dynamic mechanical analysis in polymeric composites. Compos Sci Technol 47(4):419–423

    Google Scholar 

  46. Dorigato A, Dzenis Y, Pegoretti A (2013) Pegoretti, Filler aggregation as a reinforcement mechanism in polymer nanocomposites. Mech Mater 61:79–90

    Google Scholar 

  47. Eitan A et al (2006) Reinforcement mechanisms in MWCNT-filled polycarbonate. Compos Sci Technol 66(9):1162–1173

    Google Scholar 

  48. Pérez-Aparicio R et al (2013) Reinforcement in natural rubber elastomer nanocomposites: breakdown of entropic elasticity. Macromoleocules 46(22):8964–8972

    Google Scholar 

  49. Abraham J et al (2018) Static and dynamic mechanical characteristics of ionic liquid modified MWCNT-SBR composites: theoretical perspectives for the nanoscale reinforcement mechanism. J Phys Chem B 122(4):1525–1536

    Google Scholar 

  50. Guo C-G et al (2006) Dynamic-mechanical analysis and SEM morphology of wood flour/polypropylene composites. J For Res 17(4):315–318

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sideridis E, Prassianakis IN, Kytopoulos VN (2006) Storage and loss moduli behavior of plasticized epoxy polymers over a frequency and temperature range, and damaging effects assessment by means of the NDT method of ultrasounds and moisture absorption. J Appl Polym Sci 101(6):3869–3880

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bergström, J. (2015) 2—Experimental characterization techniques. Mech Solid Polym 2015:19–114.

  53. Shrivastava A. (2018) Plastic properties and testing. Introd Plast Eng 2018:49–110 https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-39500-7.00003-4

  54. Martínez-Barrera G et al (2020) Waste tire rubber particles modified by gamma radiation and their use as modifiers of concrete. Case Stud Cons Mater 12:e00321

    Google Scholar 

  55. Guzmán M et al (2012) Zinc oxide versus magnesium oxide revisited. Part 2 Rubber Chem Technol 85(1):56–67

    Google Scholar 

  56. Al-Qadhi M, Merah N, Gasem Z (2013) Mechanical properties and water uptake of epoxy–clay nanocomposites containing different clay loadings. J Mater Sci 48(10):3798–3804

    Google Scholar 

  57. Quan D, Ivankovic A (2018) The curing behaviour and thermo-mechanical properties of core–shell rubber-modified epoxy nanocomposites. Polym Polym Compos 27(3):168–175

    Google Scholar 

  58. Karsli NG, Aytac A (2013) Tensile and thermomechanical properties of short carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites. Compos B Eng 51:270–275

    Google Scholar 

  59. Doddamani M (2020) Dynamic mechanical analysis of 3D printed eco-friendly lightweight composite. Compos Commun 19:177–181

    Google Scholar 

  60. Zhao F, Bi W, Zhao S (2011) Influence of crosslink density on mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates. J Macromol Sci Part B 50(7):1460–1469

    Google Scholar 

  61. Tiwari SN, Agnihotri PK (2023) Effect of crumb rubber addition on the deformation and fracture behavior of ductile epoxy matrix. J Appl Polym Sci 140(1):e53255

    Google Scholar 

  62. Gu J, Wu G, Zhang Q (2007) Effect of porosity on the dam** properties of modified epoxy composites filled with fly ash. Scr Mater 57(6):529–532

    Google Scholar 

  63. Lewis TB, Nielsen LE (1970) Dynamic mechanical properties of particulate-filled composites. J Appl Polym Sci 14(6):1449–1471

    Google Scholar 

  64. Doddamani M (2019) Effect of surface treatment on quasi-static compression and dynamic mechanical analysis of syntactic foams. Compos B Eng 165:365–378

    Google Scholar 

  65. Shunmugasamy VC, Pinisetty D, Gupta N (2013) Viscoelastic properties of hollow glass particle filled vinyl ester matrix syntactic foams: effect of temperature and loading frequency. J Mater Sci 48(4):1685–1701

    Google Scholar 

  66. Ferry JD (1980) Viscoelastic properties of polymers. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  67. Rasana N et al (2019) The thermal degradation and dynamic mechanical properties modeling of MWCNT/glass fiber multiscale filler reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Sci Technol 169:249–259

    Google Scholar 

  68. Alvarez VA, Vázquez A (2004) Thermal degradation of cellulose derivatives/starch blends and sisal fibre biocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 84(1):13–21

    Google Scholar 

  69. Balakrishnan P et al (2017) Morphology, transport characteristics and viscoelastic polymer chain confinement in nanocomposites based on thermoplastic potato starch and cellulose nanofibers from pineapple leaf. Carbohydr Polym 169:176–188

    Google Scholar 

  70. Jayanarayanan K, Rasana N, Mishra RK (2017) Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of polymer nanocomposites. Thermal and rheological measurement techniques for nanomaterials characterization. Elsevier, pp 123–157

    Google Scholar 

  71. Joseph P et al (2003) Dynamic mechanical properties of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 34(3):275–290

    Google Scholar 

  72. Scotti R et al (2014) Shape controlled spherical (0D) and rod-like (1D) silica nanoparticles in silica/styrene butadiene rubber nanocomposites: role of the particle morphology on the filler reinforcing effect. Polymer 55(6):1497–1506

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for funding this work through the General Research Project under grant number GRP/352/43. The research was supported by the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number (TURSP-2020/349), Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The authors thank the Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia for the support and facilities.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, 1888, Adama, Ethiopia

    Venkatesh Chenrayan & Kiran Shahapurkar

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jain College of Engineering and Research, Belagavi, 590008, India

    Gangadhar M. Kanaginahal

  3. Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Vineet Tirth & Ali Algahtani

  4. Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box No. 9004, Abha, 61413, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Vineet Tirth & Ali Algahtani

  5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Abdulaziz H. Alghtani

  6. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, P.O. box No. 1988, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Fadi Althoey

  7. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Glocal University, Delhi-Yamunotri Marg, Uttar Pradesh, 247121, India

    Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar

  8. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology, Salem, India

    Chandru Manivannan

  9. Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Tehnology University, P O Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia

    H. C. Ananda Murthy

  10. Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMAT), Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveeta University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600077, India

    H. C. Ananda Murthy

  11. Department of Mechanical Engineering and University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India

    Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar

  12. Department of VLSI Microelectronics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India

    Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar

Authors
  1. Venkatesh Chenrayan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kiran Shahapurkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gangadhar M. Kanaginahal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vineet Tirth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abdulaziz H. Alghtani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ali Algahtani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Fadi Althoey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Chandru Manivannan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. H. C. Ananda Murthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kiran Shahapurkar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interests

All the authors declare there are no conflict of interests for the present work.

Additional information

Technical Editor João Marciano Laredo dos Reis.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chenrayan, V., Shahapurkar, K., Kanaginahal, G.M. et al. Evaluation of dynamic mechanical analysis of crump rubber epoxy composites: experimental and empirical perspective. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 45, 145 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04033-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04033-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation