SpringerLink
Log in

Tribological characteristics of glass/carbon fibre-reinforced thermosetting polymer composites: a critical review

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have proliferated in the last few decades over conventional materials. The rapid growth and preference of FRP composites are attributed to their strength-to-weight, high stiffness-to-weight ratio, cost-effectiveness, and ease of manufacturing. The modern FRP composites emerged as an important class of tribo-material in the field of automotive, aerospace, transportation, and mining industries. In these industrial applications, the FRP composites experienced tribological complications. These applications of FRP composite materials as, for example, FRP conveyer belt, FRP leaf spring, FRP bearing, marine boat, exterior body component of the automobile, space shuttles, wing, fuselage and FRP bridge deck panel are subjected to severe tribological complications That is why tribological characteristics are important criteria in designing of FRP components. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the fundamental aspects of tribology and explore the nature of ongoing researches carried out in recent past on the tribo-performance of carbon or glass fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites, specifically the adhesive wear. This paper also focuses on the transfer film characteristics of fibre-reinforced thermosets polymer composites and attempts to throw light upon the areas requiring extensive probing for the upcoming investigations in future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Spain)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bhushan B (2002) Introduction to tribology. John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rezaei A, Ost W, Van Paepegem W, De Baets P, Degrieck J (2011) Experimental study and numerical simulation of the large-scale testing of polymeric composite journal bearings: Three-dimensional and dynamic modelling. Wear 270:431–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Wong VW, Tung SC (2016) Overview of automotive engine friction and reduction trends–effects of surface, material, and lubricant-additive technologies. Friction 4:1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-016-0107-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kumar S, Singh KK, Ramkumar J (2020) Comparative study of the influence of graphene nanoplatelets filler on the mechanical and tribological behaviour of glass fabric-reinforced epoxy composites. Polym Compos 41:5403–5417. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Jost HP (1966) Lubrication (Tribology): a report on the present position and industry’s needs. H.M Stationary Office, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  6. Findik F (2014) Latest Progress on tribological properties of industrial materials. Mater Des 57:218–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Holmberg K, Andersson P, Nylund NO, Makela K, Erdemir A (2014) Global energy consumption due to friction in trucks and buses. Tribol Int 78:94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Holmberg K, Erdemir A (2017) Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions. Friction 5:263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0183-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Suh NP (1986) Tribophysics. Prentice-Hall Inc, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  10. Prajapati PK, Kumar S, Singh KK (2020) Optimization of tribological behavior of CFRP composites under dry sliding condition using taguchi method. Mater Today Proc 21:1320–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Shrivastava R, Singh KK (2022) Mechanical property characterization of glass/epoxy composite with varying fiber percentage and mid-plane ply orientation. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 44:122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-022-03402-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Friedrich K, Lu Z, Hager AM (1995) Recent advances in polymer composites’ tribology. Wear 190:139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(96)80012-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kumar S, Singh KK (2020) Tribological behaviour of fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites: a review. Proc IMechE Part L J Mater Design Appl 234(11):1439–1449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420720941554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Sharma M, Bijwe J, Mitschang P (2012) Abrasive wear studies on composites of PEEK and PES with modified surface of carbon fabric. Tribol Int 44:81–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhang D, Wang C, Wang QH, Wang TM (2019) High thermal stability and wear resistance of porous thermosetting heterocyclic polyimide impregnated with silicone oil. Tribol Int 140:105728–105737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.04.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Singh AK, Gupta P, Singh PK (2018) Evaluation of mechanical and erosive wear characteristics of TiO2 and ZnO filled Bi-Directional e-glass fiber based vinyl ester composites. SILICON 10(2):309–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Friedrich K, Chang L, Haupert F (2011) Current and future applications of polymer composites in the field of tribology. In: Nicolais L, Meo M, Miletta E (eds) Composite materials. Springer, New York, pp 129–167

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Briscoe BJ, Sinha SK (2005) Tribology of polymeric solids and their composites. In: Stachowiak G (ed) Wear–materials, mechanism and practice. John Wiley & Sons, England, p 223

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kumar S, Singh KK (2019) Tribological performances of woven carbon fabric/epoxy composites under dry and oil lubrication condition: an experimental investigation. In: Singh I, Bajpai P, Panwar K (eds) Trends in materials engineering. Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, Springer, Singapore, p 43

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Fang H, Bai Y, Liu W, Qi Y, Wang J (2019) Connections and structural applications of fibre reinforced polymer composites for civil infrastructure in aggressive environments. Compos B Eng 164:129–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Friedrich K, Haupert F, Chen C, Flock J (1996) New manufacturing techniques for thermoplastic composite bearings. In: Progress in Advanced Materials and Mechanics, Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Materials, ICAM-96, Bei**g, China, vol 1996, Peking University Press, p 91.

  22. Mathew MT, Naveen V, Padaki LA, Rocha JR, Gomes R, Algirusamy BL et al (2007) Tribological properties of the directionally oriented warp knit GFRP composites. Wear 263:930–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.12.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang L, Qi H, Li G, Wang D, Wang T, Wang Q et al (2017) Significantly enhanced wear resistance of PEEK by simply filling with modified graphitic carbon nitride. Mater Design 129:192–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang Y, Zhu S, Liu Y, Yang B, Wang X (2015) The mechanical and tribological properties of nitric acid-treated carbon fiber-reinforced polyoxymethylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Agrawal S, Singh KK, Sarkar PK (2018) Comparative investigation on the wear and friction behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites under dry sliding, oil lubrication and inert gas environment. Mater Today Proc 5:1250–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Seydibeyoglu MO, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2017) Fiber Technology for fiber-reinforced composites, Woodhead Publishing, p 51.

  27. Geier N, Paulo Davim J, Szalay T (2019) Advanced cutting tools and technologies for drilling carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites: a review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Poór DI, Geier N, Pereszlai C, Xu J (2021) A critical review of the drilling of CFRP composites: burr formation, characterisation and challenges. Compos Part B Eng 223:109155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Naqvi SR, Prabhakara HM, Bramer EA, Dierkes W, Akkerman R, Brem G (2018) A critical review on recycling of end-of-life carbon fibre/glass fibre reinforced composites waste using pyrolysis towards a circular economy. Resour Conserv Recycl 136:118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.04.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Singh KK, Kumar S (2021) Tribological performance of graphene nanoplatelets filled glass/epoxy composites under dry, inert gas and oil-lubricated environmental conditions. Mater Lett 282:128881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Chang L, Zhang Z, Ye L, Friedrich K (2007) Tribological properties of high temperature resistant polymer composites with fine particles. Tribol Int 40(7):1170–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2006.12.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhao F, Zhang J, Myshkin NK, Zhang G (2022) Significant friction and wear-reduction role of attapulgite nanofibers compounded in PEEK-Based materials. Compos Sci and Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhang G, Wetzel B, Wang Q (2015) Tribological behavior of PEEK-based materials under mixed and boundary lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 88:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.03.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Friedrich K, Zhang Z, Schlarb AK (2005) Effects of various fillers on the sliding wear of polymer composites. Compos Sci Technol 65:2329–2343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.05.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Keller J, Fridrici V, Kapsa P, Huard JF (2009) Surface topography and tribology of cast iron in boundary lubrication. Tribol Int 42:1011–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.02.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhao F, Gao C, Wang H, Wang T, Wetzel B, Jim B-C et al (2016) Tribological behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites under PAO lubrication conditions. Tribol Lett 62(3):37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0685-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang SW (1998) State-of-the-art of polymer tribology. Tribol Int 31:49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(98)00007-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Sung NH, Suh HP (1979) Effect of fibre orientation on friction and wear of fibre reinforced polymer composites. Wear 53:129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(79)90224-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Bijwe J, Logani CM, Tewari US (1990) Influence of fillers and fiber reinforcement on abrasive wear resistance of some polym153eric composites. Wear 138(1–2):77–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(90)90169-B

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Tewari US, Bijwe J, Mathura JN, Indu S (1992) Studies on abrasive wear of carbon fiber (short) reinforced polyamide composites. Tribol Int 29:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-679X(92)90121-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Bijwe J, Rattan R (2007) Influence of weave of carbon fabric in polyetherimide composites in various wear situations. Wear 263:984–991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.12.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Giltrow JP, Lancaster JK (1970) The role of the counterface in the friction and wear of carbon fibre reinforced thermosetting resins. Wear 16:359–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Kumar S, Singh KK, Ramkumar J (2020) The effects of graphene nanoplatelets on the tribological performance of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol 235:1514–1525. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650120965756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsukizoe T, Ohmae N (1983) Friction and wear of advanced composite-materials. Fibre Sci Technol 18(4):265–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0015-0568(83)90021-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Tsukizoe T, Ohmae N (1986) Friction and wear performance of unidirectionally oriented glass, carbon, aramid and stainless steel fiber-reinforced plastics. In: Friedrich K (ed) Friction and wear of polymer composites. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 205

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  46. Aldousiri B, Shalwan A, Chin CW (2013) A review on tribological behaviour of polymeric composites and future reinforcements. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2013:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/645923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Greenwood JA, Williamson JBP (1966) Contact of nominally flat surfaces. Proc R Soc A295:300–319. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1966.0242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Agarwal G, Patnaik A, Sharma RK (2014) Thermomechanical properties and abrasive wear behavior of silicon carbide filled woven glass fiber composites. SILICON 6(3):155–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-014-9184-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Fox M, Academy R (2016) Lube-Tech Polymer Tribology Lube-Tech. 106: 32

  50. Stachowiak GW, Batchelor AW (2005) Engineering tribology. Butteworth Heinemann, Melbourne, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  51. Quaglini V, Dubini P (2011) Friction of polymers sliding on smooth surfaces. Adv Tribol 2011:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/178943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Frich D, Economy J (1997) Thermally stable liquid crystalline thermosets based on aromatic copolyesters: preparation and properties. J Polym Sci Part A Polymer Chem 35:1061–1067. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19970430)35:6%3c1061:AID-POLA9%3e3.0.CO;2-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Kumar S, Singh KK, Kumar S (2020) Tribological Behaviour of glass/epoxy laminated composite reinforced with graphene and MWCNT. Mater Today Proc 22:2791–2797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhang J, Demas NG, Polycarpou AA, Economy J (2008) A new family of low wear, low coefficient of friction polymer blend based on polytetrafluoroethylene and an aromatic thermosetting polyester. Polym Adv Technol 19:1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Gaddam SK, Pothu R, Boddula R (2020) Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) reinforced polymer nanocomposite systems—a review. Polym Compos 41:430–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Pıhtılı H, Tosun N (2002) Investigation of the wear behaviour of a glass fibre-reinforced composite and plain polyester resin. Compos Sci Technol 62(3):367–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00196-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Demas NG, Zhang J, Polycarpou AA, Economy J (2008) Tribological characterization of aromatic thermosetting copolyester–PTFE blends in air conditioning compressor environment. Tribol Lett 29(3):253–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-008-9303-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Kohl JG, Schwarzer N, Ngo TT, Favaro G, Rengnet E, Bierwisch N (2015) Determining the viscoelastic properties obtained by depth sensing microindentation of epoxy and polyester thermosets using a new phenomenological method. Mater Res Express 2:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/2/1/015301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Samyn P, Zsidai L (2017) Temperature effects on friction and wear of thermoset polyester fabric composites. Polym Plast Technol Eng 56(9):1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.1247281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Sharma N, Kumar S, Singh KK (2022) Taguchi’s DOE and artificial neural network analysis for the prediction of tribological performance of graphene nano-platelets filled glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites under the dry sliding condition. Tribo int 172:107580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2022.107580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Tang H, Zhou H, Cheng XH (2022) Friction process analysis of carbon fiber-carbon nanotube multiscale hybrid reinforced epoxy with excellent tribological performance. Tribol Int 171:107559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Kishore SP, Seetharamu S et al (2000) SEM observations of the effects of velocity and load on the sliding wear characteristics of glass fabric–epoxy composites with different fillers. Wear 237:20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00300-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Basavarajappa S, Ellangovan S, Arun KV (2009) Studies on dry sliding wear behaviour of graphite filled glass-epoxy composites. Mater Des 30:2670–2675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.10.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Shivamurthy B, Udaya BK, Anandhan S (2013) Mechanical and sliding wear properties of multi-layered laminates from glass fabric/graphite/epoxy composites, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.059.

  65. Sen M, Sarkar P, Modak N et al (2015) Woven E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite preparation and woven E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite – preparation and tribological characterization. IJMCP 1(2):189–197

    Google Scholar 

  66. Agrawal S, Singh KK, Sarkar PK (2016) A comparative study of wear and friction characteristics of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin, sliding under dry, oil-lubricated and inert gas environments. Tribol Int 96:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.12.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang G, Burkhart T, Wetzel B (2013) Tribological behavior of epoxy composites under diesel-lubricated conditions. Wear 307(1–2):174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.08.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. El-Tayep NS, Gadelrap RM (1996) Friction and wear properties of E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites under different sliding contact conditions. Wear 192:112–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(95)06770-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Gao CP, Guo GF, Zhao FY et al (2016) Tribological behaviors of epoxy composites under water lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 95:333–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.11.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Khun NW, Zhang H, Sun DW et al (2016) Tribological behaviors of binary and ternary epoxy composites functionalized with different microcapsules and reinforced by short carbon fibers. Wear 350–351:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.01.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang G, Sebastian R, Burkhart T et al (2012) Role of monodispersed nanoparticles on the tribological behavior of conventional epoxy composites filled with carbon fibers and graphite lubricants. Wear 292–293:176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2012.05.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Zhang L, Zhang G, Chang L et al (2016) Distinct tribological mechanisms of silica nanoparticles in epoxy composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers and glass fibers. Tribol Int 104:225–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.09.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Zhang G, Häusler I, Österle W et al (2015) Formation and function mechanisms of nanostructured tribofilms of epoxy-based hybrid nanocomposites. Wear 342–343:181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.08.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Guo QB, Rong MZ, Jia GL et al (2009) Sliding wear performance of nano-SiO2/short carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composites. Wear 266(7–8):658–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Pihtili H (2009) An experimental investigation of wear of glass fibre–epoxy resin and glass fibre–polyester resin composite materials. Eur Polym J 45(1):149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.10.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. El-Tayeb NSM, Yousif BF, Yap TC (2008) An investigation on worn surfaces of chopped glass fibre reinforced polyester through SEM observations. Tribolo Int 41:331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2007.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Yousif BF, El-Tayeb NSM, Yusaf TF (1998) Influence of material structure properties on sliding contact performance of CGRP composite. IJMST 10:1524–1548

    Google Scholar 

  78. Chauhan SR, Kumar A, Singh I (2009) Study on friction and sliding wear behavior of woven S-glass fiber reinforced vinylester composites manufactured with different comonomers. J Mater Sci 44:6338–6347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3873-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Thakur S, Chauhan SR (2013) Taguchi method to optimize the micron and submicron size cenosphere particulates filled E-glass fiber-reinforced vinylester composites. Polym Comps 35:775–787. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.22721

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Thakur S, Chauhan SR (2014) Tribological behavior of micrometer- and submicrometer-size cenosphere particulate-filled glass fiber-reinforced vinylester composites under dry and water-lubricated sliding conditions. Tribol Trans 57(6):1007–1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2014.928397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Viswnath B, Verma AP, Kameswara rao CVS. (1993) Effect of reinforcement on friction and wear of fabric reinforced polymer composites. Wear 167:93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(93)90313-B

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Fei J, Zhang C, Luo D, Yali C et al (2018) Vertically aligned TiO2nanorods-woven carbon fiber for reinforcement of both mechanical and anti-wear properties in resin composite. Appl Surf Sci 435:156–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.10.182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Rui H et al (2022) Influence of fiber/matrix interface on the texture evolution and fracture toughness of C/C. Diamond Relat Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Zhao F, Li G, Österle W, Häusler I, Zhang G, Wang T (2016) Tribological investigations of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites under oil lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 103:208–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.07.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Hua Y, Li F, Hud N, Shao-Yun Fu (2022) Frictional characteristics of graphene oxide-modified continuous glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Compos Sci Technol 223:109446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109446

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, India

    Santosh Kumar & K. K. Singh

Authors
  1. Santosh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. K. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Santosh Kumar.

Additional information

Technical Editor João Marciano Laredo dos Reis.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, S., Singh, K.K. Tribological characteristics of glass/carbon fibre-reinforced thermosetting polymer composites: a critical review. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 44, 496 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-022-03817-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-022-03817-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation