Abstract
The need for bone tissue replacement, repair and regeneration for orthopedic application is constantly growing. Therefore, the application of cartilage substitute due to the lack of donors as well as biocompatibility leads to immune system rejection. In order to overcome these drawbacks, researchers have used porous scaffold as an option for bone transplantation. In this study, poly-lactic acid (PLA) scaffolds were prepared for cartilage application by fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique and then coated by electrospinning with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hyaluronic acid (HLA) fibers. Hybrid electrospinning (ELS) method was used to produce porous scaffolds from HLA–PVA polymers. The printed scaffold was coated using FDM technique and the mechanical and biological investigation was performed on the polymeric composite specimen. The functional group and morphological behavior were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The obtained porous scaffold has hydrophilic properties as the PVA and HLA were coated on the PLA. The porous 3D-printed scaffold containing PLA/PVA/HLA scaffold does not show any toxicity in MTT evaluation after 1, 3 and 7 days. The SEM image confirmed the cell adhesion of the chondrite to the scaffold. Also, the mechanical performances of the sample, such as elastic modulus and compressive strength, were evaluated by compression test. By electro-spun coating, the elastic module of PVA/PLA and PLA/PVA/HLA scaffolds has increased to 18.31 ± 0.29 MPa and 19.25 ± 0.38 MPa. Also, the tensile strength of these two porous scaffolds has reached 6.11 ± 0.42 MPa and 6.56 ± 0.14 MPa, respectively. The failure strain of 3D printed PLA scaffold was reported to be 53 ± 0.21% and this value was reduced to 47 ± 0.62% and 42 ± 0.22% in PVA/PLA and PLA/PVA/HLA scaffolds. The cells’ growth on the porous scaffolds showed a broad, spindle-shaped and regular shape. The obtained results of the chemical, physical and biological analyses showed that porous PLA/PVA/HLA scaffold has potential applications in cartilage construction.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40204-022-00180-z/MediaObjects/40204_2022_180_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40204-022-00180-z/MediaObjects/40204_2022_180_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40204-022-00180-z/MediaObjects/40204_2022_180_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40204-022-00180-z/MediaObjects/40204_2022_180_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40204-022-00180-z/MediaObjects/40204_2022_180_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40204-022-00180-z/MediaObjects/40204_2022_180_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40204-022-00180-z/MediaObjects/40204_2022_180_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40204-022-00180-z/MediaObjects/40204_2022_180_Fig8_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40204-022-00180-z/MediaObjects/40204_2022_180_Fig9_HTML.jpg)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Abasalta M, Asefnejad A, Khorasani MT, Saadatabadi AR (2021) Fabrication of carboxymethyl chitosan/poly (ε-caprolactone)/doxorubicin/nickel ferrite core-shell fibers for controlled release of doxorubicin against breast cancer. Carbohydr Polym 257:117631
Abid H, Abid Z, Abid S (2021) Atherogenic indices in clinical practice and biomedical research: a short review: atherogenic indices and cardiovascular diseases. Baghdad J Biochem Appl Biol Sci 2(02):59–69
Aghdam HA, Sanatizadeh E, Motififard M, Aghadavoudi F, Saber-Samandari S, Esmaeili S, Sheikhbahaei E, Safari M, Khandan A (2020) Effect of calcium silicate nanoparticle on surface feature of calcium phosphates hybrid bio-nanocomposite using for bone substitute application. Pow Technol 361:917–929
Alwan S, Al-Saeed M, Abid HJBJOB, Sciences AB (2021) Safety assessment and biochemical evaluation of biogenic silver nanoparticles (using bark extract of C. zeylanicum) in Rattus norvegicus rats: safety of biofabricated AgNPs (using Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract). Baghdad J Biochem Appl Biol Sci 2(03):138–150
Ansari MJ (2015) Investigations of polyethylene glycol mediated ternary molecular inclusion complexes of silymarin with beta cyclodextrins. J Appl Pharm Sci 5:26–31
Ansari MJ, Alshahrani SM (2019) Nano-encapsulation and characterization of baricitinib using poly-lactic-glycolic acid co-polymer. Saudi Pharm J 27(4):491–501
Awad HA, Wickham MQ, Leddy HA, Gimble JM, Guilak F (2004) Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stem cells in agarose, alginate, and gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials 25(16):3211–3222
Bagher Z, Ehterami A, Safdel MH, Khastar H, Semiari H, Asefnejad A, Davachi SM, Mirzaii M, Salehi MJ (2020) Wound healing with alginate/chitosan hydrogel containing hesperidin in rat model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 55:1379
Bagherifard A, JoneidiYekta H, Akbari Aghdam H, Motififard M, Sanatizadeh E, GhadiriNejad M, Esmaeili S, Saber-Samandari S, Sheikhbahaei E, Khandan A (2020) Improvement in osseointegration of tricalcium phosphate-zircon for orthopedic applications: an in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Med Biol Eng Comput 58:1681–1693
Bomhard AV, Veit J, Bermueller C, Rotter N, Staudenmaier R, Storck K, The HN (2013) Prefabrication of 3D cartilage contructs: towards a tissue engineered auricle–a model tested in rabbits. PloS One 8(8):
Cheng Y, Morovvati M, Huang M, Shahali M, Saber-Samandari S, Angili SN, Nejad MG, Shakibaie M, Toghraie D (2021) A multilayer biomimetic chitosan-gelatin-fluorohydroxyapatite cartilage scaffold using for regenerative medicine application. J Mater Res Technol 14:1761–1777
Chung C, Burdick JA (2008) Engineering cartilage tissue. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(2):243–262
Danaboina KK, Neerati P (2020) Evidence-based P-glycoprotein inhibition by green tea extract enhanced the oral bioavailability of atorvastatin: from animal and human experimental studies. J Nat Sci Biol Med 11(2):105
Dong X, Heidari A, Mansouri A, Hao WS, Dehghani M, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A (2021) Investigation of the mechanical properties of a shapeless electroconductive scaffold: addition of akermanite nanoparticles and using a freeze-drying technique. J Mech Behav Biomed Mat 10464:121
Du X, Dehghani M, Alsaadi N, Nejad MG, Saber-Samandari S, Toghraie D, Su C-H, Nguyen HC (2021) A femoral shape porous scaffold bio-nanocomposite fabricated using 3D printing and freeze-drying technique for orthopedic application. Mat Chem Phy 275:125302
Esmaeili S, Shahali M, Kordjamshidi A, Torkpoor Z, Namdari F, Samandari SS, GhadiriNejad M, Khandan A (2019) An artificial blood vessel fabricated by 3D printing for pharmaceutical application. Nanomed J 6(3):183–194
Foroutan S, Hashemian M, Khosravi M, Nejad MG, Asefnejad A, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A (2021) A porous sodium alginate-CaSiO3 polymer reinforced with graphene nanosheet: fabrication and optimality analysis. Fiber Polym 22(2):540–549
Garcia-Fuentes M, Meinel AJ, Hilbe M, Meinel L, Merkle HP (2009) Silk fibroin/hyaluronan scaffolds for human mesenchymal stem cell culture in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 30(28):5068–5076
Ghadirinejad N, Nejad MG, Alsaadi N (2021) A fuzzy logic model and a neuro-fuzzy system development on supercritical CO2 regeneration of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts. J CO2 Utilization 54:106
Ghahramani Y, Javanmardi N (2021) Graphene oxide quantum dots and their applications via stem cells: a mini-review. Adv Appl NanoBio-Technol 2(3):54–56
Ghahramani Y, Fallahinezhad F, Afsa M (2021) Graphene Quantum Dots And Their Applications: a mini-review. Adv Appl NanoBio-Technol 2:53–59
Halim S, Ismail UU (2018) Potential therapeutic effects of olea Europaea (olive) fruit oil as neuroprotective agent against neurotoxicity induced opioid. J Cell Mole Anesthes 3(4):159–159
Halim S, Jasmi NA, Ridzuan P, Anna D, Abdullah S, Sina T, MEDICINE L (2020) Novel potential Centella asiatica extract in ameliorating neurotoxicity induced oxidative stress in chronic morphine dependant rat model. Int J Med Toxic Leg Med 23(3and4):79–83
Hein TC, Muz B, Ahmadi-Montecalvo H, Smith T (2020) Associations AMONG ACEs, health behavior, and veteran health by service era. Am J Health Behav 44(6):876–892
Iranmanesh P, Ehsani A, Khademi A, Asefnejad A, Shahriari S, Soleimani M, Nejad MG, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A (2021) Application of 3D bioprinters for dental pulp regeneration and tissue engineering (porous architecture). Transp Porous Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-021-01618-x
Jamnezhad S, Asefnejad A, Motififard M, Yazdekhasti H, Kolooshani A, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A (2020) Development and investigation of novel alginate-hyaluronic acid bone fillers using freeze drying technique for orthopedic field. Nanomed Rese J 5(4):306–315
Jiang S, Guo W, Tian G, Luo X, Peng L, Liu S, Sui X, Guo Q, Li X (2020) Clinical application status of articular cartilage regeneration techniques: tissue-engineered cartilage brings new hope. Stem Cells Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5690252
Kaur N, Khan J, Kaleemullah M, Al-Dhalli S, Budiasih S, Florence M, Faller E, Asmani F, Yusuf E, Takao KJIJOMT, Yusuf E, Medicine L (2018) Synthesis of cinnamic acid amide derivatives and the biological evaluation of A-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Int Med Toxicol Leg Med 21(3):216–220
Khandan A, Nassireslami E, Saber-Samandari S, Arabi N (2020) Fabrication and characterization of porous bioceramic-magnetite biocomposite for maxillofacial fractures application. Dent Hypotheses 11(3):74
Kianfar E (2019) Nanozeolites: synthesized, properties, applications. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 91(2):415–429
Kim G, Son J, Park S, Kim W (2008) Hybrid process for fabricating 3D hierarchical scaffolds combining rapid prototy** and electrospinning. Macro Rap Commun 29(19):1577–1581
Li X, Saeed S-S, Beni MH, Morovvati MR, Angili SN, Toghraie D, Khandan A, Khan A (2021) Experimental measurement and simulation of mechanical strength and biological behavior of porous bony scaffold coated with alginate-hydroxyapatite for femoral applications. Comp Sci Technol 214:1973
Margiana R, Kusumaningtyas S, Lestari SW, Mukdisari Y, Ima K (2019) Review on cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway (cAMP), DLK signaling pathway, RAS/RAF signaling, retinoic acid signaling, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) as the signaling pathways involved in peripheral neuronal generation. J Glob Pharm Technol 11(1):181–198
Murphy MP, Koepke LS, Lopez MT, Tong X, Ambrosi TH, Gulati GS, Marecic O, Wang Y, Ransom RC, Hoover MY (2020) Articular cartilage regeneration by activated skeletal stem cells. Nat Med 26(10):1583–1592
Nabishah B, Merican Z, Morat P, Alias A, Khalid B (1990) Effects of steroid hormones pretreatment on isoprenaline-induced cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate in rat lung. Gen Pharm 21(6):935–938
Okamoto M, John B (2013) Synthetic biopolymer nanocomposites for tissue engineering scaffolds. Prog Poly Sci 38(10–11):1487–1503
Othman Z, Khalep HRH, Abidin AZ, Hassan H, Fattepur S (2019) The anti-angiogenic properties of Morinda citrifolia L. (Mengkudu) leaves using chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Pharmacogn J 11(1):12–15
Pandey RK, Shukla S, Hadi R, Husain N, Islam MH, Singhal A, Tripathi SK, Garg R (2020) Kirsten rat sarcoma virus protein overexpression in adenocarcinoma lung: Association with clinicopathological and histomorphological features. J Carcino 19:9
Park SS, ** H-R, Chi DH, Taylor RS (2004) Characteristics of tissue-engineered cartilage from human auricular chondrocytes. Biomats 25(12):2363–2369
Park SH, Seo JY, Park JY, Ji YB, Kim K, Choi HS, Choi S, Kim JH, Min BH, Kim MS (2019) An injectable, click-crosslinked, cytomodulin-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering. NPG Asia Mater 11(1):1–16
Raisi A, Asefnejad A, Shahali M, Kazerouni ZAS, Kolooshani A, Saber-Samandari S, Moghadas BK, Khandan A (2020) Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial studies of N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan as a wound dressing for bedsore application. Arch Trauma Res 9(4):181–188
Raisi A, Asefnejad A, Shahali M, Doozandeh Z, KamyabMoghadas B, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A (2022) A soft tissue fabricated using a freeze-drying technique with carboxymethyl chitosan and nanoparticles for promoting effects on wound healing. J Nanoanalysis 7(4):262–274
Razeghian E, Margiana R, Chupradit S, Bokov DO, Abdelbasset WK, Marofi F, Shariatzadeh S, Tosan F, Jarahian M (2021) Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a vehicle for cytokine delivery: an emerging approach for tumor immunotherapy. Front Med. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.721174
Sahmani S, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A, Aghdam MM (2019) Nonlinear resonance investigation of nanoclay based bio-nanocomposite scaffolds with enhanced properties for bone substitute applications. J Alloys Compd 773:636–653
Sakaguchi Y, Sekiya I, Yagishita K, Muneta T (2005) Comparison of human stem cells derived from various mesenchymal tissues: superiority of synovium as a cell source. Arthritis Rheum 52(8):2521–2529
Salmani MM, Hashemian M, Khandan A (2020a) Therapeutic effect of magnetic nanoparticles on calcium silicate bioceramic in alternating field for biomedical application. Ceram Int 46(17):27299–27307
Salmani MM, Hashemian M, Yekta HJ, Nejad MG, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan AJJOS, Magnetism N (2020b) Synergic effects of magnetic nanoparticles on hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery for bone substitute application. J Supercond Nov Mag 33:2809–2820
Shirani K, Sheikhbahaei E, Torkpour Z, Nejad MG, Moghadas BK, Ghasemi M, Aghdam HA, Ehsani A, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A (2020) A narrative review of COVID-19: the new pandemic disease. Ir J Med Sci 45(4):233
Sowmya S, Rao RS, Prasad K (2020) Development of clinico-histopathological predictive model for the assessment of metastatic risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Carcinog 19:2
Sun C, Yarmohammadi A, Isfahani RB, Nejad MG, Toghraie D, Fard EK, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A (2021) Self-healing polymers using electrosprayed microcapsules containing oil: molecular dynamics simulation and experimental studies. J Mol Liq 325:182
Tolou NB, Fathi MH, Monshi A, Mortazavi, VS, Shirani F, Mohammadi M (2013) the effect of adding Tio2 nanoparticles on dental amalgam properties. Iran J Mater Sci Eng 10(2):46–56
Wardani HA, Rahmadi M, Ardianto C, Balan SS, Kamaruddin NS, Khotib J (2019) Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model by high-fat diet in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharm. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0258
Yang L, Fattepur S, Nilugal KC, Asmani F, Yusuf E, Ghani MNA, Abdullah I (2018) Neuro-protection of Abelmoschus esculentus L. against diabetic neuropathy. Asia J Pharm Clin Res 11(3):28
You SH, Yoon MY, Moon JS (2021) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity study of fulvic acid. J Nat Sci Biol Med 12(3)
Zeylabi A, Shirani F, Heidari F, Farhad AR (2010) Endodontic management of a fused mandibular third molar and distomolar: a case report. Aust Endod J 36(1):29–31
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to extend their gratitude for the support provided by Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Funding
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors read and approved the final manuscript and consented to publication. Availability of data and materials: No data were used from internet data sources.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Farsi, M., Asefnejad, A. & Baharifar, H. A hyaluronic acid/PVA electrospun coating on 3D printed PLA scaffold for orthopedic application. Prog Biomater 11, 67–77 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-022-00180-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-022-00180-z