Abstract
The hot deformation behavior of a newly developed Ni–W–Cr superalloy for use in 800 °C molten salt reactors (MSRs) was looked into by isothermal compression tests in the temperature range of 1050–1200 °C with a strain rate of 0.001–1 s−1 under a true strain of 0.693. An Arrhenius-type model for the Ni–W–Cr superalloy was constructed by fitting the corrected flow stress data. In this model, the effect of dispersion of solid solution elements during thermal deformation on microstructure evolution was considered, as well as the effects of friction and adiabatic heating on the temperature and strain rate-dependent variation of flow stresses. The hot deformation activation energy of the Ni–W–Cr superalloy was 323 kJ/mol, which was less than that of the Hastelloy N alloy (currently used in MSRs). According to the rectified flow stress data, processing maps were created. In conjunction with the corresponding deformation microstructures, the flow instability domains of the Ni–W–Cr superalloy were determined to be 1050–1160 °C/0.03–1 s−1 and 1170–1200 °C/0.001–0.09 s−1. In these deformation conditions, a locally inhomogeneous microstructure was caused by flow—i.e., incomplete dynamic recrystallization and hot working parameters should avoid sliding into these domains. The ideal processing hot deformation domain for the Ni–W–Cr superalloy was determined to be 1170–1200 °C/0.6–1 s−1.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig9_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-024-01701-4/MediaObjects/40195_2024_1701_Fig11_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Zhang, Y. Yao, Y. **, Z. Shang, Y. Yan, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 196, 123262 (2022)
P. Zhang, F. Ma, X. **ao, Appl. Energy 173, 255 (2016)
C. Liu, M.S. Cheng, B.C. Zhao, Z.M. Dai, I.O.P. Conf, Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 52, 012039 (2017)
S.J. Chen, X.X. Ye, D. K. L. Tsang, L. Jiang, C.W. Li, K. Yu, Z.J. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 1032 (2019).
J. Hou, F.F. Han, X.X. Ye, B. Leng, M. Liu, Y.L. Lu, X.T. Zhou, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 401 (2019).
C. Li, G. Lei, J. Liu, A. Liu, C.L. Ren, H. Huang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 109, 129 (2022)
D. LeBlanc, Nucl. Eng. Des. 240, 1644 (2010)
P. Chakraborty, R.H. Banerjee, R. Tewari, V. Kain, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 75, 1075 (2022)
Y. He, W. Zheng, J. Yang, D. Zhu, X. Yang, Y. Sun, Z. Gao, J. Manuf. Process. 35, 271 (2018)
H. Ai, X.X. Ye, L. Jiang, B. Leng, M. Shen, Z.J. Li, Y.Y. Jia, J.Q. Wang, X.T. Zhou, Y.Q. **e, L.D. **e, Corros. Sci. 149, 218 (2019)
H. Ai, S. Liu, X.X. Ye, L. Jiang, B. Zhou, X. Yang, B. Leng, Z. Li, Corros. Sci. 178, 109079 (2021)
L. Jiang, X. Ye, C. Cui, H. Huang, B. Leng, Z. Li, X. Zhou, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 668, 137 (2016)
S. Liu, X.X. Ye, L. Jiang, C. Cui, Z. Li, H. Huang, B. Leng, X. Zhou, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 655, 269 (2016)
S. Chen, P. Pan, J. Xue, X.X. Ye, Mater. Lett. 314, 131914 (2022)
S. Chen, X.X. Ye, D.K.L. Tsang, L. Jiang, K. Yu, C. Li, Z. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35, 29 (2019)
Q. Yang, X. Liu, Y. Cheng, Mater. Trans. 61, 318 (2020)
Q. Ding, H. Bei, X. Zhao, Y. Gao, Z. Zhang, Crystals 10, 572 (2020)
Z. Wan, L. Hu, Y. Sun, T. Wang, Z. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 769, 367 (2018)
Y. Wu, M. Zhang, X. **e, J. Dong, F. Lin, S. Zhao, J. Alloys Compd. 656, 119 (2016)
P. Liu, R. Zhang, Y. Yuan, C. Cui, Y. Zhou, X. Sun, J. Alloys Compd. 831, 154618 (2020)
R. Zhu, Q. Liu, J. Li, Y. Chen, X. Zhang, Z. Zheng, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28, 404 (2018)
R. Kapoor, S. Nemat-Nasser, Mech. Mater. 27, 1 (1998)
A. Eisenlohr, I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, D. Raabe, Acta Mater. 60, 3994 (2012)
S. Yang, Y. Li, Y. Song, B. Wang, Y. Zheng, X. Liu, Y. Li, Mater. Technol. 56, (2022).
G. Liu, S.L. Li, H.L. Zhang, X.T. Wang, Y.L. Wang, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 31, 798 (2018).
Y. Luo, C. Shi, H. Xu, J. Alloys Compd. 938, 168628 (2023)
Y. Liu, Y. Ning, Z. Yao, H. Li, X. Miao, Y. Li, Z. Zhao, J. Alloys Compd. 675, 73 (2016)
S. Li, W. Chen, K.S. Bhandari, D.W. Jung, X. Chen, Materials 15, 3788 (2022)
S.F. Medina, C.A. Hernandez, Acta Mater. 44, 137 (1996)
L. Briottet, J.J. Jonas, F. Montheillet, Acta Mater. 44, 1665 (1996)
K.A. Babu, S. Mandal, A. Kumar, C.N. Athreya, B. De Boer, V.S. Sarma, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 664, 177 (2016)
N. Nayan, G. Singh, P.M. Souza, S.V.S.N. Murty, M. Venkatesh, B.R.N.V. Shivram, P.R. Narayanan, M. Mohan, S.K. Jha, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 825, 141855 (2021)
Y. Liu, R. Hu, J. Li, H. Kou, H. Li, H. Chang, H. Fu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 497, 283 (2008)
Y. Ji, S. Qu, W. Han, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 25, 88 (2015)
A. Thomas, M. El-Wahabi, J.M. Cabrera, J.M. Prado, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 177, 469 (2006)
H. Zhang, K. Chen, Z. Wang, H. Zhou, C. Shi, S. Qin, J. Liu, T. Lv, J. Xu, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 36, 1870 (2023).
N.S. Babu, S.B. Tiwari, B.N. Rao, Powder Metall. 49, 160 (2006)
L. Wang, F. Liu, Q. Zuo, J.J. Cheng, C.F. Chen, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 26, 392 (2017)
Z.Y. **, N.N. Li, K. Yan, J. Wang, J. Bai, H. Dong, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 31, 71 (2018).
Y.V.R.K. Prasad, T. Seshacharyulu, Int. Mater. Rev. 43, 243 (1998)
J.K. Chakravartty, Y.V.R.K. Prasad, M.K. Asundi, Metall. Trans. A 22, 829 (1991)
Y.V.R.K. Prasad, H.L. Gegel, S.M. Doraivelu, J.C. Malas, J.T. Morgan, K.A. Lark, D.R. Barker, Metall. Trans. A 15, 1883 (1984)
W. Yang, P. Qu, J. Sun, Q. Yue, H. Su, J. Zhang, L. Liu, Vacuum 181, 109682 (2020)
L.Y. Tian, R. Lizárraga, H. Larsson, E. Holmström, L. Vitos, Acta Mater. 136, 215 (2017)
E.X. Pu, W.J. Zheng, Z.G. Song, H. Feng, H. Dong, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 30, 1119 (2017).
Y. Zhang, H.L. Sun, A. A. Volinsky, B.H. Tian, Z. Chai, P. Liu, Y. Liu, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 29, 422 (2016).
H. Cui, Y. Tan, R. Bai, L. Ning, C. Cui, X. You, P. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 36, 2013 (2023).
Y. Zhu, Y. Cao, R. Luo, C. Liu, H. Di, G. Shu, G. Huang, Q. Liu, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 34, 1296 (2021).
A.H. Feng, Z.Y. Ma, Acta Mater. 57, 4248 (2009)
C. Wu, S. Han, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 31, 963 (2018).
Y. Guan, Y. Liu, Z. Ma, H. Li, H. Yu, Met. Mater. Int. 28, 1488 (2022)
C. Liu, J. Zhang, Y. Yang, X. **a, T. He, J. Ding, Y. Tang, Z. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Liu, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 35, 1383 (2022).
C. Liu, X. Tang, L. Cheng, B. Leng, X. Li, X.X. Ye, H. Huang, Corros. Sci. 204, 110406 (2022)
H. Zhao, E.J. Palmiere, Mater. Charact. 145, 479 (2018)
Z.F. Xu, J.S. Dong, L. Jiang, Z.J. Li, X.T. Zhou, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 28, 951 (2015).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Nos. 2021YFB3700601 and 2019YFA0705304) and the IMR Innovation Fund (No. 2023-PY08).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Available online at http://springer.longhoe.net/journal/40195
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, L., Zhou, Z., Yu, J. et al. Hot Deformation Behavior and Workability of a New Ni–W–Cr Superalloy for Molten Salt Reactors. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-024-01701-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-024-01701-4