SpringerLink
Log in

Novel Cosmetic Uses of Botulinum Toxin in the Head and Neck

  • Use of Botulinum Toxin in Otorhinolaryngology (A D’Souza and CL Ng, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Injection of botulinum toxin is the most commonly performed nonsurgical cosmetic procedure worldwide. New applications and formulations of botulinum toxin have become available for clinical use. This review presents recent advancements, applications, and new formulations of botulinum toxin. We also discuss issues regarding brand uniformity, safety, and patient satisfaction.

Recent Findings

Novel cosmetic uses for botulinum toxin include the treatment of androgenic alopecia, oily skin, and others. Two new toxin formulations include daxibotulinumtoxinA, with a duration of 6 months, and botulinum toxin E, with a fast onset of action (24 h) and duration of 2–4 weeks. Recent trends find increased usage among younger adults and men.

Summary

Cosmetic injection of botulinum toxin into the head and neck remains an area of innovation and evolution. Research continues to support the finding that botulinum toxin formulations are equally safe and efficacious.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Clark RP. The first cosmetic use of botulinum toxin. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;144:723e–4e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006081.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Clark RP, Berris CE. Botulinum toxin: a treatment for facial asymmetry caused by facial nerve paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;84:353–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Carruthers JD, Carruthers JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-a exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992;18:17–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1992.tb03295.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sakaguchi G. Clostridium botulinum toxins. Pharmacol Ther. 1982;19:165–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(82)90061-4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Melling J, Hambleton P, Shone CC. Clostridium botulinum toxins: nature and preparation for clinical use. Eye (Lond). 1988;2:16–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.1988.5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hatheway CL. Toxigenic clostridia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990;3:66–98. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.3.1.66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Samizadeh S, De Boulle K. Botulinum neurotoxin formulations: overcoming the confusion. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:273–87. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S156851.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Amatsu S, Matsumura T, Yutani M, Fu**aga Y. Multivalency effects of hemagglutinin component of type B botulinum neurotoxin complex on epithelial barrier disruption. Microbiol Immunol. 2018;62:80–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cruz F, Herschorn S, Aliotta P, Brin M, Thompson C, Lam W, et al. Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2011;60:742–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2011.07.002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ginsberg D, Gousse A, Keppenne V, Sievert KD, Thompson C, Lam W, et al. Phase 3 efficacy and tolerability study of onabotulinumtoxinA for urinary incontinence from neurogenic detrusor overactivity. J Urol. 2012;187:2131–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bakheit AM, Thilmann AF, Ward AB, Poewe W, Wissel J, Muller J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type a (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke. Stroke. 2000;31:2402–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.31.10.2402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E, Kassicieh VD, Marciniak C, Do M, et al. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:395–400. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Charles D, Brashear A, Hauser RA, Li HI, Boo LM, Brin MF, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and immunogenicity of onabotulinumtoxina in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for cervical dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012;35:208–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e31826538c7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Comella CL, Jankovic J, Truong DD, Hanschmann A, Grafe S, Group USXCDS. Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA (NT 201, XEOMIN(R), botulinum neurotoxin type a, without accessory proteins) in patients with cervical dystonia. J Neurol Sci. 2011;308:103–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.041.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Poewe W, Burbaud P, Castelnovo G, Jost WH, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Banach M, et al. Efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA liquid formulation in cervical dystonia: a randomized-controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2016;31:1649–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26760.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Naumann M, Lowe NJ. Botulinum toxin type A in treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis: randomised, parallel group, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2001;323:596–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7313.596.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Heckmann M, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Plewig G, Hyperhidrosis SG. Botulinum toxin a for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). N Engl J Med. 2001;344:488–93. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200102153440704.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Aurora SK, Dodick DW, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 1 trial. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:793–803. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102410364676.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Diener HC, Dodick DW, Aurora SK, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Lipton RB, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:804–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102410364677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Freund BJ, Schwartz M. Treatment of male pattern baldness with botulinum toxin: a pilot study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(5):246e–8e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ef816d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Singh S, Neema S, Vasudevan B. A pilot study to evaluate effectiveness of botulinum toxin in treatment of androgenetic alopecia in males. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2017;10:163–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_77_17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Shon U, Kim MH, Lee DY, Kim SH, Park BC. The effect of intradermal botulinum toxin on androgenetic alopecia and its possible mechanism. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.082.

  23. Kurzen H, Schallreuter KU. Novel aspects in cutaneous biology of acetylcholine synthesis and acetylcholine receptors. Exp Dermatol. 2004;13(Suppl 4):27–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2004.00258.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shuo L, Ting Y, KeLun W, Rui Z, Rui Z, Hang W. Efficacy and possible mechanisms of botulinum toxin treatment of oily skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18:451–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12866.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wu WT. Microbotox of the lower face and neck: evolution of a personal technique and its clinical effects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):92S–100S. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000001827.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Shah AR. Use of intradermal botulinum toxin to reduce sebum production and facial pore size. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:847–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kim J. Clinical effects on skin texture and hydration of the face using microbotox and microhyaluronicacid. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2018;6:e1935. https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000001935.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Rose AE, Goldberg DJ. Safety and efficacy of intradermal injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of oily skin. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39:443–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12097.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Calvani F, Santini S, Bartoletti E, Alhadeff A. Personal technique of microinfiltration with botulin toxin: the SINB technique (superficial injection needling botulinum). Plast Surg (Oakv). 2019;27:156–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/2292550318800330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Society TA. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery National Databank Statistics. 2019. https://www.surgery.org/sites/default/files/Aesthetic-Society_Stats2019Book_FINAL.pdf. Accessed May 24, 2020.

  31. Won CH, Kim HK, Kim BJ, Kang H, Hong JP, Lee SY, et al. Comparative trial of a novel botulinum neurotoxin type a versus onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of glabellar lines: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54:227–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. •• Cheon HI, Jung N, Won CH, Kim BJ, Lee YW. Efficacy and safety of prabotulinumtoxin A and onabotulinumtoxin A for crow's feet: a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, split-face study. Dermatol Surg. 2019;45:1610–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000001920This is a well-designed comparative, head-to-head study of two popular botulinum products demonstrating equivalency for crow's feet.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yoelin SG, Dhawan SS, Vitarella D, Ahmad W, Hasan F, Abushakra S. Safety and efficacy of EB-001, a novel type E botulinum toxin, in subjects with glabellar frown lines: results of a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;142:847e–55e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000005029.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Carruthers J, Solish N, Humphrey S, Rosen N, Muhn C, Bertucci V, et al. Injectable DaxibotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of Glabellar lines: a phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging, double-blind, multicenter comparison with OnabotulinumtoxinA and placebo. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43:1321–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000001206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. • Carruthers JD, Fagien S, Joseph JH, Humphrey SD, Biesman BS, Gallagher CJ, et al. DaxibotulinumtoxinA for injection for the treatment of glabellar lines: results from each of two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies (SAKURA 1 and SAKURA 2). Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145:45–58. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006327This is a phase 3 trial of one of the more interesting new botulinum products in develoment.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery I: New Stats: AAFPRS Annual Survey Reveals Face of Plastic Surgery Goes Younger. 2019. https://www.aafprs.org/Media/Press_Releases/New/Stats/AAFPRS/Annual/Survey.aspx?WebsiteKey=760f3515-2fb0-441b-a8b4-28f94313fffc. Accessed May 24, 2020.

  37. Zarringam D, Decates T, Slijper HP, Velthuis P. Increased usage of botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid fillers in young adults. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16481.

  38. von Soest T, Kvalem IL, Skolleborg KC, Roald HE. Psychosocial factors predicting the motivation to undergo cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:51–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000194902.89912.f1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Haas CF, Champion A, Secor D. Motivating factors for seeking cosmetic surgery: a synthesis of the literature. Plast Surg Nurs. 2008;28:177–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSN.0b013e31818ea832.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Milothridis P, Pavlidis L, Haidich AB, Panagopoulou E. A systematic review of the factors predicting the interest in cosmetic plastic surgery. Indian J Plast Surg. 2016;49:397–402. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.197224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Naumann M, Albanese A, Heinen F, Molenaers G, Relja M. Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type a following long-term use. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(Suppl 4):35–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01652.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Naumann M, Jankovic J. Safety of botulinum toxin type a: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:981–90. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079904125003962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Brin MF, Boodhoo TI, Pogoda JM, James LM, Demos G, Terashima Y, et al. Safety and tolerability of onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of facial lines: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from global clinical registration studies in 1678 participants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61:961–70 e1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.06.040.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kassir M, Gupta M, Galadari H, Kroumpouzos G, Katsambas A, Lotti T, et al. Complications of botulinum toxin and fillers: a narrative review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19:570–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Carruthers J, Rivkin A, Donofrio L, Bertucci V, Somogyi C, Lei X, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of repeated onabotulinumtoxinA treatments in subjects with crow's feet lines and glabellar lines. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41:702–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Cavallini M, Cirillo P, Fundaro SP, Quartucci S, Sciuto C, Sito G, et al. Safety of botulinum toxin a in aesthetic treatments: a systematic review of clinical studies. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40:525–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Santamato A, Panza F, Intiso D, Baricich A, Picelli A, Smania N, et al. Long-term safety of repeated high doses of incobotulinumtoxinA injections for the treatment of upper and lower limb spasticity after stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2017;378:182–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.052.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gracies JM, Esquenazi A, Brashear A, Banach M, Kocer S, Jech R, et al. Efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA in spastic lower limb: randomized trial and extension. Neurology. 2017;89:2245–53. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004687.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Wein T, Esquenazi A, Jost WH, Ward AB, Pan G, Dimitrova R. OnabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of poststroke distal lower limb spasticity: a randomized trial. PM R. 2018;10:693–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.12.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Fagien S, Lei X, Kolodziejczyk J, Brin MF. Repeated OnabotulinumtoxinA treatment of glabellar lines at rest over three treatment cycles. Dermatol Surg. 2016;42:1094–101. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000704.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Administration FaD: BOTOX (onabotulinumtoxinA) for injection, for intramuscular, intradetrusor, or intradermal use https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/103000s5302lbl.pdf. Accessed May 28, 2020.

  52. Administration TFaD: XEOMIN (incobotulinumtoxinA) for injection, for intramuscular or intraglandular use. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/125360s073lbl.pdf. Accessed May 28, 2020.

  53. Administration TFaD: JEUVEAU (prabotulinumtoxinA-xvfs) for injection, for intramuscular use. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/761085s000lbl.pdf. Accessed May 28, 2020.

  54. Administration TFaD: DYSPORT® (abobotulinumtoxinA) for injection, for intramuscular use. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/125274s107lbl.pdf. Accessed May 28, 2020.

  55. Prager W, Bee EK, Havermann I, Zschocke I. Onset, longevity, and patient satisfaction with incobotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of glabellar frown lines: a single-arm, prospective clinical study. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:449–56. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S34854.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Karsai S, Adrian R, Hammes S, Thimm J, Raulin C. A randomized double-blind study of the effect of Botox and Dysport/Reloxin on forehead wrinkles and Electromyographic activity. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:1447–62. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.143.11.1447-b.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jost WH, Kohl A, Brinkmann S, Comes G. Efficacy and tolerability of a botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins (NT 201) compared with commercially available botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) in healthy volunteers. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2005;112:905–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-004-0234-8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. •• Rzany BJ, Ascher B, Avelar RL, Bergdahl J, Bertucci V, Bodokh I, et al. A Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, phase III, non-inferiority study comparing prabotulinumtoxinA and onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of moderate to severe glabellar lines in adult patients. Aesthet Surg J. 2020;40:413–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz110This is a well-designed comparative, head-to-head study of two popular botulinum products demonstrating brand uniformity.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Nettar KD, Yu KC, Bapna S, Boscardin J, Maas CS. An internally controlled, double-blind comparison of the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA and abobotulinumtoxinA. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2011;13:380–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archfacial.2011.37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Yu KC, Nettar KD, Bapna S, Boscardin WJ, Maas CS. Split-face double-blind study comparing the onset of action of onabotulinumtoxinA and abobotulinumtoxinA. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2012;14:198–204. https://doi.org/10.1001/archfacial.2011.1142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Fabi SG, Massaki AN, Guiha I, Goldman MP. Randomized split-face study to assess the efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA versus onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of melomental folds (depressor Anguli Oris). Dermatol Surg. 2015;41:1323–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Roggenkamper P, Jost WH, Bihari K, Comes G, Grafe S, Team NTBS. Efficacy and safety of a new botulinum toxin type a free of complexing proteins in the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2006;113:303–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-005-0323-3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Saad J, Gourdeau A. A direct comparison of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin) in the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm: a split-face technique. J Neuroophthalmol. 2014;34:233–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000000110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Trindade de Almeida AR, Marques E, de Almeida J, Cunha T, Boraso R. Pilot study comparing the diffusion of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A in patients with forehead hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:S37–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32330.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Omary MB, Cohen DE, El-Omar E, Jalan R, Low M, Nathanson M, et al. Not all mice are the same: standardization of animal research data presentation. Gut. 2016;65:894–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312041.

  66. Hexsel D, Brum C, Zechmeister do Prado D, Soirefmann M, Rotta FT, Dal’Forno T, et al. Field effect of two commercial preparations of botulinum toxin type A: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:226–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2011.08.011.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. •• Field M, Splevins A, Picaut P, van der Schans M, Langenberg J, Noort D, et al. AbobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport(R)), onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox(R)), and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin(R)) neurotoxin content and potential implications for duration of response in patients. Toxins (Basel). 2018;10:535. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120535This manuscript uses an ELISA assay to measure the actual amount of active toxin in commercially available botulinum toxin products.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Monheit G, Carruthers A, Brandt F, Rand R. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar lines: determination of optimal dose. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:S51–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32332.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, MS B-205, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Isabel Fairmont & Andrew Winkler

Authors
  1. Isabel Fairmont
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrew Winkler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew Winkler.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical collection on Use of Botulinum Toxin in Otorhinolaryngology

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fairmont, I., Winkler, A. Novel Cosmetic Uses of Botulinum Toxin in the Head and Neck. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep 8, 344–350 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-020-00309-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-020-00309-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation