Abstract
Microwave sensor technology has transformed the food sector by providing fast and non-destructive methods to check food quality parameters. The present research provides a detailed investigation of the design and simulation of a flat microwave sensor specifically customized for use in the food industry. Initially, a thorough literature survey on the development of a robust and reusable ring resonator Sensor is performed for the Microwave frequency of L (1–2 GHz) and S (2–4 GHZ) bands. Then, the simulation of the microwave planar sensor with the different geometry and dimensions was done and dimensions were finalized having a maximum Return loss of − 20.177 dB at 2.377 GHz. Further, the structure was simulated on an FR4 with a Cu thickness of 0.4 mm and 1.6 mm substrate height. These simulations were performed to observe the change of resonant frequency by changing the material with their varied dielectric permittivity from 1 to 33.4 for varied food samples. Later, by conducting an electromagnetic performance analysis, the dielectric characteristics of different food samples are examined, providing insight into the sensor’s effectiveness in detecting electromagnetic signals. The sensor’s precision in detecting minute changes in food attributes is highlighted by sensitivity and accuracy assessments, establishing it as a promising tool for real-time monitoring and quality control. Finally, the limitations of the study and the scope for future research are explained, which are crucial for driving innovation in sensor technology across various industrial domains.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Munoz-Enano, P. Vélez, M. Gil, F. Martín, Planar microwave resonant sensors: a review and recent developments. Appl. Sci. 10(7), 2615 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072615
R.A. Alahnomi et al., Review of recent microwave planar resonator-based sensors: techniques of complex permittivity extraction, applications, open challenges and future research directions. Sensors 21(7), 2267 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072267
N. Abd Rahman, Z. Zakaria, R. Abd Rahim, Y. Dasril, A.A. MohdBahar, Planar microwave sensors for accurate measurement of material characterization: a review. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommun. Comput. Electron. Control) 15(3), 1108 (2017). https://doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v15i3.6684
L.A. Campanone, C.A. Paola, R.H. Mascheroni, Modeling and simulation of microwave heating of foods under different process schedules. Food Bioprocess. Tech. 5(2), 738–749 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0378-5
C. Li, X. Yu, Z. Chen, Q. Song, Y. Xu, Free space traveling–standing wave attenuation method for microwave sensing of grain moisture content. Meas. Control 54(3–4), 336–345 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020294020962138
X. Han et al., Microwave sensor loaded with complementary curved ring resonator for material permittivity detection. IEEE Sens. J. 22(21), 20456–20463 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3205639
M. S. M. Yusoff, R. Rosman, M. Z. Jusoh, Avocado fruit quality determination using parallel plate at 250 kHz to 2 MHz. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Agrosystem Engineering, Technology & Applications (AGRETA), IEEE, pp. 45–50 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/AGRETA57740.2023.10262583
A. Ivanov et al., Design and characterization of a microwave planar sensor for dielectric assessment of vegetable oils. Electronics (Basel) 8(9), 1030 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091030
A.K. Jha, A. Lamecki, M. Mrozowski, M. Bozzi, A microwave sensor with operating band selection to detect rotation and proximity in the rapid prototy** industry. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron.Industr. Electron. 68(1), 683–693 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2020.2965464
R. A. Alahnomi, Z. Zakaria, E. Ruslan, A. A. M. Bahar, A. Abu-Khadrah, Harmonic suppression of symmetrical split ring resonator using double spurlines. In: 2015 IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT), IEEE, pp. 1–5 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/AEECT.2015.7360539
R.A. Alahnomi, Z. Zakaria, Z.M. Yussof, T. Sutikno, A.A.M. Bahar, A. Alhegazi, Determination of solid material permittivity using T-ring resonator for food industry. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommun. Comput. Electron. Control) 17(1), 489 (2018). https://doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v17i1.11636
R. Alahnomi, N.B. Abd-Hamid, Z. Zakaria, T. Sutikno, A.A. Mohd-Bahar, Microwave planar sensor for permittivity determination of dielectric materials. Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. 11(1), 362 (2018). https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp362-371
K. S. Shinde, S. N. Shah, P. N. Patel, A review on opportunities and challenges of nano antenna for terahertz communications. In: 2019 5th International Conference On Computing, Communication, Control And Automation (ICCUBEA), IEEE, pp. 1–6 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCUBEA47591.2019.9128527
H.S. Roslan, M. Alice Meor Said, Z. Zakaria, M.H. Misran, Recent development of planar microwave sensor for material characterization of solid, liquid, and powder: a review. Bull. Electr. Eng. Inform. 11(4), 1911–1918 (2022). https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i4.4120
M. Ricci et al., Machine-learning-based microwave sensing: a case study for the food industry. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst. 11(3), 503–514 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2021.3097699
K. Saeed, F. Muhammad, B. Matthew, C. Ian, Planar microwave sensors for complex permittivity characterization of materials and their applications, in Applied measurement systems. (InTech, 2012)
A.A. Abduljabar, N. Clark, J. Lees, A. Porch, Dual mode microwave microfluidic sensor for temperature variant liquid characterization. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.Microw. Theory Tech. 65(7), 2572–2582 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2016.2647249
G.M. Sardi, A. Lucibello, F. Cursi, E. Proietti, R. Marcelli, A microfluidic sensor in coplanar waveguide configuration for localized micrometric liquid spectroscopy in microwaves regime. Microsyst. Technol.. Technol. 28(6), 1331–1341 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-3934-y
K.K. Adhikari, N.-Y. Kim, Ultrahigh-sensitivity mediator-free biosensor based on a microfabricated microwave resonator for the detection of micromolar glucose concentrations. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.Microw. Theory Tech. 64(1), 319–327 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2015.2503275
M.S. McKeown, S. Julrat, S. Trabelsi, E.W. Tollner, Open transverse-slot substrate-integrated waveguide sensor for biomass permittivity determination. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.Instrum. Meas. 66(8), 2181–2188 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2017.2681358
H. Sun, T. Tang, G. Du, Improved approach using symmetric microstrip sensor for accurate measurement of complex permittivity. Int. J. RF Microwave Comput. Aided Eng.Comput. Aided Eng. 28(5), e21258 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.21258
M.H. Zarifi, A. Gholidoust, M. Abdolrazzaghi, P. Shariaty, Z. Hashisho, M. Daneshmand, Sensitivity enhancement in planar microwave active-resonator using metal organic framework for CO2 detection. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 255, 1561–1568 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.08.169
K. Malecha, L. Jasińska, A. Grytsko, K. Drzozga, P. Słobodzian, J. Cabaj, Monolithic Microwave-Microfluidic Sensors Made with Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic (LTCC) Technology. Sensors 19(3), 577 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030577
Acknowledgements
This publication is an outcome of the R&D work undertaken in the project under the Visvesvaraya PhD Scheme of the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India, being implemented by Digital India Corporation (formerly Media Lab Asia). The authors would like to thank, the Sensor Research Lab of the Department of Electronics Engineering, SVNIT for supporting and providing resources for the research. The authors also thank, the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, MET’s, Bhujbal Knowledge City, SPPU, Nashik for the support to execute the work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Shinde, K.S., Shah, S.N. & Patel, P.N. Design and simulation of planar microwave sensor for food industry. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 85, 35–46 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40042-024-01097-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40042-024-01097-5