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Graphene and Graphene Oxide: A Long Race Horse

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Abstract

Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) have allured the interest of global scientists from diverse disciplines to explore the material in terms of all possible development owing to its essence of exceptional properties like electronic properties, adjustable structural properties, optical and mechanical properties. There have been immense efforts involved in the progress of advancement of technological development and fundamental research from chemically modified graphene in the form of GO, possessing several functionalities which can be tuned to obtain required structural modifications either covalently or non-covalently. This review is a complete carriage of GO, providing brief summary of its synthesis, routes of functionalization and various applications. The review begins with the structure and physicochemical properties of graphene and GO, followed by a brief history of GO synthesis. Subsequently, it comprehends covalent and non-covalent functionalization with their further classifications. Finally, it elucidates practical examples of multifarious applications in the fields of electrocatalysts, carbocatalysts, photocatalysts, drug delivery, water splitting, and biosensors. The role of GO in the impediment of the current epidemic of SARS-Cov-2 disease is encompassed as well. We anticipate that this review will deliver fundamentals of graphene and GO chemistry, as well as recent smart applications, allowing us to overcome current challenges.

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Abbreviations

APTES:

3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane

GN:

Amine-functionalized nitrogen-doped reduced GO

AA:

Ascorbic acid

CL:

Chemiluminescence

CBZ:

Carbamazepine

COVID 19:

Coronavirus disease 2019

ssDNA:

Complementary DNA

DOX:

Doxorubicin

DPMNs:

Dissolvable polymeric microneedles

EDC:

1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)-carbodiimide

FE:

Faradaic efficiency

GO:

Graphene oxide

GNP:

Graphene nanoplatelets

GOD:

(GO)-glucose oxidase

GCE:

Glass carbon electrode

HOR:

Hydrazine oxidation reaction

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

IGA3:

Insulin aptamer

IL:

1-Hexyl 3-decahexyl imidazolium

KET:

Ketoprofen

L-Cy-rGO:

L-cysteine-based GO

LPFG:

Long-period fiber grafting

LOD:

Limit of detection

LSG:

Laser-scribbed graphene-based

MB:

Methylene blue

MN:

Microneedles

NGO:

NanoGO

N-rGO:

N-doped rGO

NHS:

N-hydroxysuccinimide

DMAP:

N, N-dimethyl aminopyridine

SiO2-GOAG:

Nanosilica grafted GO aerogel

OER:

Oxygen evolution reaction

P3HT:

Poly(3-hexyl thiophene)

Pc:

Phthalocyanine

PK:

Polyketone

PyS:

Pyrene-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt

PPCPs:

Personal care products

PDI:

Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide bis-benzene sulfonic acid

AP-GO:

Primary amine functionalized GO

pGO:

PEG-functionalized nanoGO

POC:

Point-of-care diagnostic

RTPCR:

Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

SMZ:

Sulfamethoxazole

SNGODs:

S- and N- doped GO dots

NaBH4 :

Sodium borohydride

WVTR:

Water vapor transmission rate

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Funding

The funding was provided by UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Grants Commission (Grant No. CSR-IC-ISUM-07/CRS-290/2019-20/1342 Dated- 5/03/2020).

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  1. Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390 001, India

    Komal A. Trivedi, Urvi M. Lad & Chetan K. Modi

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Trivedi, K.A., Lad, U.M. & Modi, C.K. Graphene and Graphene Oxide: A Long Race Horse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. A Phys. Sci. 93, 525–542 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-023-00847-7

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