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Phenological Stages Analysis in Grapevines Using an Electronic Nose

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Abstract

The vineyards present different phenological phases that comprise dormancy, bud break, and flowering buds going through different stages of development, such as inflorescence formation, flowering, fruit set, growth and fruit maturation. To control the quantity and quality of production, thinning is used in table grapes. The technique reduces berry number to improve fruit growth, but it is costly and in some cases impractical in the entire extension of an orchard. The right moment for execution and the intensity are complex issues that involve specific knowledge about the conditions of the vineyard. Therefore, phenological information that can help planning and decision-making about thinning is relevant and can improve the cost-effectiveness of the technique in viticulture. An electronic nose system was developed to collect and analyze compound volatile variations during the growing season, more specifically during the period of bud growth and ripening in three grape cultivars (BRS Vitória, Niagara Rosada, Bordô). The data were collected from October 2021 to February 2022. The research hypothesis is that the electronic nose can identify the general stage of plant development. To verify the hypothesis, a classification analysis was performed for each cultivar. The result showed that all models presented balanced accuracy above 85% for the cultivar BRS Vitória, above 92% for Niagara, and above 93% for Bordô, with better performance for models based on K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and random forest, than those based on extreme learning machine and support vector machine. In the total of 24 models, 9 for BRS Vitória, 9 for Niagara, and 11 for Bordô did not obtain error given the metrics used. It was observed that the normalization of the database is not necessary to improve the accuracy rates obtained, which obtained total rates using the KNN classifier. Regarding the research hypothesis, it is considered that the electronic nose is capable of distinguishing between the different stages proposed for each analyzed cultivar and between them. The results of this work indicate a potential use of the electronic nose to aid decision-making in vineyard activities.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the support of the postgraduate programs involved in this research at State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG) and Federal University of Technology - Parana (UTFPR).

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoa de Nível Superior–Brasil (CAPES)–Finance Code 001. The authors thank the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), process numbers 315298/2020-0 and 306448/2021-1, and Araucária Foundation, process number 51497 and 19.311.894-1, for their financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti - Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-000, Brazil

    Alan Fernando Coelho Garcia, Ricardo Antonio Ayub, José Carlos Ferreira Da Rocha & Sergio Luiz Stevan

  2. Federal University of Technology - Parana (UTFPR), R. Doutor Washington Subtil Chueire, 330 - Jardim Carvalho, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84017-220, Brazil

    Hugo Valadares Siqueira & Sergio Luiz Stevan

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  1. Alan Fernando Coelho Garcia
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  2. Ricardo Antonio Ayub
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  3. José Carlos Ferreira Da Rocha
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  5. Sergio Luiz Stevan
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Contributions

AFCG contributed to conceptualization, formal analysis, software, methodology, investigation, and writing—original draft. RAA contributed to conceptualization and investigation. JCFdR contributed to formal analysis, software, and writing—review and editing. HVS contributed to formal analysis, data curation, and visualization. SLSJ. contributed to resources, conceptualization, investigation, methodology, writing—review and editing, and supervision.

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Correspondence to Sergio Luiz Stevan.

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Garcia, A.F.C., Ayub, R.A., Rocha, J.C.F.D. et al. Phenological Stages Analysis in Grapevines Using an Electronic Nose. Agric Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-024-00730-w

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