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Magnetic carbon xerogel: efficient adsorbent for removing methylene blue dye

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Abstract

The current study presents a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis and characterization of a composite material, Fe/N-CX, designed for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. The synthesis process involves co-precipitating iron salts into a carbon dispersion, resulting in the creation of a carbon xerogel infused with magnetic iron particles. Melamine serves as the nitrogen source for the carbon xerogel, integrated into the polymer matrix via the sol–gel method. This amalgamation of carbon xerogel and magnetic iron particles renders the Fe/N-CX composite a highly promising adsorbent for dye removal. Various characterization techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), potentiometric titration, and N2 sorption isotherms, extensively probe the structural, chemical, and surface properties of the Fe/N-CX composite. These methods offer critical insights into its potential adsorption capabilities. Assessment of Fe/N-CX as a methylene blue dye adsorbent reveals an optimal pH of 11, indicating its highest adsorption capacity under slightly alkaline conditions. The maximum adsorption capacity, determined by the Langmuir model, reaches Qmax = 698 mg g−1. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics data align well with the pseudo-second-order model. The prepared Fe/N-CX exhibits typical ferromagnetic properties, facilitating easy separation from the solution and allowing for multiple cycles of reuse.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Brazilian agencies CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais), and UFSJ for financial support. Authors wish to thank the support from LMMA sponsored by FAPEMIG APQ-03088-2.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Dom Bosco, Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-160, Brazil

    Raíra da Cunha, Ana Cláudia dos Santos, Patrícia Benedini Martelli, Maria Cristina Silva & Honória de Fátima Gorgulho

  2. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n° 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, CEP 39100-000, Brazil

    Walker Vinícius Ferreira do Carmo Batista & Eduarda Ferreira de Oliveira

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  1. Walker Vinícius Ferreira do Carmo Batista
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  4. Eduarda Ferreira de Oliveira
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Contributions

Walker Vinícius Ferreira do Carmo Batista was involved in conceptualization, methodology, research, writing, and preparation of the original sketch. Raíra da Cunha helped with software, validation, and data curation. Eduarda Ferreira de Oliveira helped with validation and formal analysis. Ana Cláudia dos Santos was involved in visualization and review and editing. Patrícia Benedini Martelli helped with software, data curation, writing, and review and editing. Maria Cristina Silva participated in project management, data curation, writing, and review and editing. Honória de Fátima Gorgulho helped with data curation, writing, preparation of the original sketch, supervision, formal analysis and financing acquisition.

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Correspondence to Walker Vinícius Ferreira do Carmo Batista.

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do Carmo Batista, W.V.F., da Cunha, R., dos Santos, A.C. et al. Magnetic carbon xerogel: efficient adsorbent for removing methylene blue dye. J IRAN CHEM SOC 21, 1331–1340 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-024-03001-1

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