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Decoding the chemical repertoire, antimicrobial synergy, and antioxidant mastery of banana pulp and peel extracts

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Abstract

This study investigates the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and phytochemical properties of banana extracts from both ripe and unripe pulp and peel, using various solvents, including ethanol, methanol, hexane, and aqueous solutions. Antimicrobial test reveals the effectiveness of unripe pulp aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus, while the unripe pulp ethanol extract against Bacillus subtilis among gram-positive bacteria. For gram negative bacteria, unripe pulp ethanol extract was most effective against Acinetobacter baumannii, and unripe pulp aqueous extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In antifungal tests, ethanol extract of ripe banana pulp (1.8 ± 0.081) and aqueous extract of unripe pulp (2.5 ± 0.081) show effectiveness against Fusarium oxysporum. However, for Alternaria alternata, the aqueous extract of unripe pulp (1.8 ± 0.081) and methanolic extracts showed stronger inhibition compared to other samples. Phytochemical analysis detected secondary metabolites, including saponins, terpenoids, tannins and phytosterols. The highest polyphenol content was found in the ethanol extract of unripe peel (1.35 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g), and the highest flavonoid content in unripe peel ethanol extract (1.358 ± 0.03 mg QE/g). In contrast, carotenoid levels showed variation among extracts with no direct correlation to fruit maturity. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analysis identified 14 bioactive compounds that were found to be common among all the solvent extracts of banana samples. Furthermore, the study reveals a decrease in free radical scavenging capacity with fruit maturity and solvent choice. The study suggests that both the banana fruit pulp and peel can result in a valuable source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for potential health and medicine applications.

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Abbreviations

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

TPC:

Total protein content

TFC:

Total flavonoid content

TCC:

Total carotenoid content

FRAP:

Ferric reducing antioxidant power

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl

%:

Percentage

nm:

Nanometer

ml:

Milliliter

°C:

Degree centigrade

mg:

Milligram

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Acknowledgements

NPN acknowledge the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India, for the financial support (Grant No. EEQ/2018/001236) for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India

    Parul Narwal, Bhuvnesh Kapoor & Neelam Prabha Negi

Authors
  1. Parul Narwal
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  2. Bhuvnesh Kapoor
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  3. Neelam Prabha Negi
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Contributions

NPN conceived and conceptualised the idea, PN performed the experiments and wrote the initial draft and BK contributed to the final draft of the writing. NPN and BK reviewed and finalized the article. All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Neelam Prabha Negi.

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Narwal, P., Kapoor, B. & Negi, N.P. Decoding the chemical repertoire, antimicrobial synergy, and antioxidant mastery of banana pulp and peel extracts. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-024-00898-w

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