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Characterization of perception by transcutaneous electrical Stimulation in terms of tingling intensity and temporal dynamics

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Abstract

Electrotactile feedback is a cost-effective and versatile method to provide new information or to augment intrinsic tactile feedback. As tactile feedback provides critical information for human–environment interaction, electrotactile feedback, accordingly, has many purposes to improve the quality of human–environment interaction in both direct and remote settings. However, electrotactile feedback overlays tingling sensation on top of the natural tactile feedback. To better characterize electrotactile feedback and understand the origin of the tingling sensation, a need arises to characterize the human perception of electrotactile feedback qualitatively and quantitatively, while varying the key stimulation parameters, namely amplitude and frequency. This study consists of two experiments. In the first experiment, the voltage for each subject was characterized by setting perception and discomfort thresholds. In the second experiment, subjects received electrical stimulation in 9 different combinations of voltages and frequencies. On delivering stimulation with each parameter combination, subjects reported their perception in two comparative scales–pressure vs. tingling and constant vs. pulsing. Subjects also reported the location of perception for stimulation with every parameter combination. More tingling and less pressure was reported as frequency increased, while the tingling-pressure percept was not affected by the amplitude change. Additionally, less pulsing and more constant was reported as frequency increased, while the pulsing-constant percept was not affected by the amplitude change. Concurrently, the normalized level of voltage thresholds was decreased as frequency increased. Dependency of tingling-pressure percept on stimulation frequency suggests that incongruency between the stimulation frequency and the natural firing rate of the sensory neuron would be an important factor of the tingling sensation. This study is a step**stone to further demystify the origin of the tingling percept caused by electrical stimulation, thus broadening the use of transcutaneous electrical stimulation as a way of providing tactile cue or augmentation.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MIST) (No. 00209864 and No. 2020R1A5A1019649).

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MIST) (No. 00209864 and No. 2020R1A5A1019649).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Stefan Manoharan & Hangue Park

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea

    Hangue Park

  3. Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea

    Hangue Park

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  1. Stefan Manoharan
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  2. Hangue Park
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Correspondence to Hangue Park.

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The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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This article contains human participants.

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All experiments adhered to the approved procedures and equipment, in accordance with the protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board at Texas A&M University (IRB2018-0893D). All subjects provided their informed consent for the experimentation according to the approved IRB protocol.

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Manoharan, S., Park, H. Characterization of perception by transcutaneous electrical Stimulation in terms of tingling intensity and temporal dynamics. Biomed. Eng. Lett. 14, 35–44 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-023-00308-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-023-00308-5

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