SpringerLink
Log in

Development and characterization of fire retardant nanofiller from date palm biomass

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To achieve a green composite product with large range of potential applications, industries are develo** nano-sized fillers from biomass material. In the present work, the potentiality of utilizing date palm trunk fiber, as agricultural waste for the development of fire retardant nano-filler, was investigated. Two different nanofiller products (Nanofiller-55 and Nanofiller-99) were prepared from the date palm–derived microfiller through combined chemical process and high-energy ball milling. Characterization was conducted for the produced nanofiller as well as microfiller, through advanced testing analysis. From morphology examination, the nanofiller was revealed as individually dispersed nanoparticles in rectangular-like shape under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) presented the nanofiller particles in irregular shapes with rough surface after the breakdown of compact microfiller structure by ball milling process. The particle size analysis also proved that small nanoparticles in the mean size range of 274.5–289.7 nm were generated for both Nanofiller-55 and Nanofiller-99 samples. Furthermore, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis presented the presence of carbon and oxygen as the major fiber elements in nanofillers, while the residual silica, sulfur, calcium, potassium elements were detected to decrease after combined treatment process. Additionally, the physico-chemical analysis revealed those nanofillers possessed great crystallinity between 58 and 67%, which could impart them as strong load-bearing agent. As for thermal analysis, both Nanofiller-55 and Nanofiller-99 samples exhibited high decomposition temperature, while showing stable degradation behavior with enhanced heat resistance. Thus, the produced nanofillers in this work can be used as fire retardant material for nanocomposites fabrication in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data used in this work, raw data available on demand.

References

  1. Yousef S, Tatariants M, Tichonovas M, Kliucininkas L, Lukošiūtė SI, Yan L (2020) Sustainable green technology for recovery of cotton fibers and polyester from textile waste. J Clean Prod 254:120078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gurunathan T, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2015) A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf 77:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Fonseca CS, Silva MF, Mendes RF, Hein PRG, Zangiacomo AL, Savastano JH, Tonoli GHD (2019) Jute fibers and micro/nanofibrils as reinforcement in extruded fiber-cement composites. Constr Build Mater 211:517–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Wu J, Du X, Yin Z, Xu S, Xu S, Zhang Y (2019) Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from coconut coir fibers and their reinforcements in biodegradable composite films. Carbohydr Polym 211:49–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Naheed S, Tahir MP, Khalina A, Nor Azowa I (2015) Preparation and characterization of fire retardant nano-filler from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers. BioResources 10:3

    Google Scholar 

  6. Abe K, Yano H (2010) Comparison of the characteristics of cellulose microfibril aggregates isolated from fiber and parenchyma cells of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Cellulose 17:271–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9382-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Liu H, Liu D, Yao F, Wu Q (2010) Fabrication and properties of transparent polymethylmethacrylate/cellulose nanocrystals composites. Bioresour Technol 101:5685–5692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Yang HK, Lee JH, Hong WT, Jang H, Moon BK, Jeong JH, Je JY (2015) Preparation and photoluminescence properties of nano-sized SrZnO2:Sm3þ phosphor powders obtained by high-energy ball milling. Ceram Int 41:991–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.09.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Abdul Khalil HPS, Fizree HM, Jawaid M, Alattas OS (2011) Preparation and characterization of nano structured materials from oil palm ash – A bioagricultural waste from oil palm mill. Bioresources 6(4):4537–4546. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.4537-4546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Pilloni M, Nicolas J, Marsaud V, Bouchemal K, Frongia F, Scano A, Ennas G, Dubernet C (2010) PEGylation and preliminary biocompatibility evaluation of magnetite-silica nanocomposites obtained by high energy ball milling. Int J Pharm 401:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.09.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Nagendra PS, Prasad VVS, Ramji K (2014) Synthesis of bio-degradable banana nanofibers. Int J Innov Technol Res 2:730–734

    Google Scholar 

  12. Tammaro L, Vittoria V, Bugatti V (2014) Dispersion of modified layered double hydroxides in poly(ethylene terephthalate) by high energy ball milling for food packaging applications. Eur Polym J 52:172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lee CH, Sapuan MS, Hassan MR (2014) A review of the flammability factors of kenaf and allied fibre reinforced polymer composites. Adv Mater Sci Eng 514036:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/514036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Padal KTB, Ramji K, Prasad VVS (2014) Isolation and characterization of jute nano fibres. Int J Mech Eng 3:422–428. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Yu Y, Zhang Y, ** L, Zhao Z, Huo S, Huang G, Fang Z, Song P (2022) Interface nanoengineering of a core-shell structured biobased fire retardant for fire-retarding polylactide with enhanced toughness and UV protection. J Clean Prod 336:130372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang Y, **g J, Liu T, ** L, Sai T, Ran S, Fang Z, Huo S, Song P (2021) A molecularly engineered bioderived polyphosphate for enhanced flame retardant, UV-blocking and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid). Chem Eng J 411:128493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhang Y, **ong Z, Ge H, Ni L, Zhang T, Huo S, Song P, Fang Z (2020) Core–shell bioderived flame retardants based on chitosan/alginate coated ammonia polyphosphate for enhancing flame retardancy of polylactic acid. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 8(16):6402–6412. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. **ong Z, Zhang Y, Du X, Song P, Fang Z (2019) Green and scalable fabrication of core–shell biobased flame retardants for reducing flammability of polylactic acid. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 7(9):8954–8963. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Yang H, Yu B, Xu X, Bourbigot S, Wang H, Song P (2020) Lignin-derived bio-based flame retardants toward high-performance sustainable polymeric materials. Green Chem 22:2129–2161. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC00449A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lou G, Ma Z, Dai J, Bai Z, Fu S, Huo S, Qian L, Song P (2021) Fully biobased surface-functionalized microcrystalline cellulose via green self-assembly toward fire-retardant, strong, and tough epoxy biocomposites. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 9(40):13595–13605. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Yang H, Shi B, Xue Y, Ma Z, Liu L, Liu L, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Annamalai PK, Song P (2021) Molecularly engineered lignin-derived additives enable fire-retardant, uv-shielding, and mechanically strong polylactide biocomposites. Biomacromol 22(4):1432–1444. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Yin W, Chen L, Lu F, Song P, Dai J, Meng L (2018) Mechanically robust, flame-retardant poly(lactic acid) biocomposites via combining cellulose nanofibers and ammonium polyphosphate. ACS Omega 3(5):5615–5626. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Feng J, Sun Y, Song P, Lei W, Wu Q, Liu L, Yu Y, Wang H (2017) Fire-resistant, strong, and green polymer nanocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) and core–shell nanofibrous flame retardants. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 5(9):7894–7904. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Liu L, Huang G, Song P, Yu Y, Fu S (2016) Converting industrial alkali lignin to biobased functional additives for improving fire behavior and smoke suppression of polybutylene succinate. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 4(9):4732–4742. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00955

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Alotaibi MD, Alshammari BA, Saba N, Alothman OY, Sanjay MR, Almutairi Z, Jawaid M (2019) Characterization of natural fiber obtained from different parts of date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Int J Biol Macromol 135:69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bazrafshan O, Zamani H, Ramezanietedli H, Moshizi ZG, Shamili M, Ismaelpour Y, Gholami H (2020) Improving water management in date palms using economic value of water footprint and virtual water trade concepts in Iran. Agric Water Manage 229:105941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Amor ZH, Acharjee TK, Dhaouadi L, Bouri S (2020) Impacts of climate change on irrigation water requirement of date palms under future salinity trend in coastal aquifer of Tunisian oasis. Agric Water Manage 228:105843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Majed DA, Basheer AA, Saba N, Alothman OY, Kian LK, Khan A, Jawaid M (2020) Microcrystalline cellulose from fruit bunch stalk of date palm: isolation and characterization. J Polym Environ 28:1766–1775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01725-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Amina H, Benalia K, Kian LK, Asim M, Jawaid M (2019) Extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from date palm fibers using successive chemical treatments. J Polym Environ 29:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-02012-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Alothman OY, Kian LK, Naheed S, Jawaid M, Ramzi K (2021) Cellulose nanocrystal extracted from date palm fibre: morphological, structural and thermal properties. Ind Crops Prod 159:113075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Haafiz MKM, Eichhorn SJ, Hassan A, Jawaid M (2013) Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm biomass residue. Carbohydr Polym 93:628–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Rosa SML, Rehman N, De Miranda MIG, Nachtigall SMB, Bica CID (2012) Chlorine-free extraction of cellulose from rice husk and whisker isolation. Carbohydr Polym 87:1131–1138

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to extend their gratitude to King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) for funding this research through Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2021/241).

Funding

The authors would like to extend their gratitude to King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) for funding this research through Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2021/241).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forestry Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohammad Jawaid, Lau Kia Kian & Naheed Saba

  2. Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 22452, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Salman Alamery

  3. Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11792, Helwan, Egypt

    Hassan Fouad

  4. Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Othman Y. Alothman

  5. Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (MIE), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3G8, Canada

    M. Sain

Authors
  1. Mohammad Jawaid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lau Kia Kian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Salman Alamery
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Naheed Saba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hassan Fouad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Othman Y. Alothman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. M. Sain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

M.Jawaid: Investigation, methodology, writing (review and editing), formal analysis. Lau Kia Kian: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. Salman Almery: Conceptualization, writing (review and editing), and funding. Naheed Saba: Investigation, writing—review and editing. Hassan Fouad: Investigation, writing—review and editing. Othman Y Alothman: Investigation, writing—review and editing. M. Sain: Investigation, writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Jawaid.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

No ethical clearance is required.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Human and animal rights

We declare that there are no animal studies or human participant involvement in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jawaid, M., Kian, L.K., Alamery, S. et al. Development and characterization of fire retardant nanofiller from date palm biomass. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 9109–9119 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03226-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03226-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation