Abstract
Yunnan Province of China is located in the southwest frontier, with high altitude, fragile geological environment, uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, and more localized rainfall and landslide geological hazards caused by rainfall are extremely common. Therefore, based on saturated–unsaturated seepage theory, it is of great engineering significance to deeply study the change law of internal seepage of slopes under different rainfall conditions and the influence of dynamic seepage on slope stability. In this paper, based on the saturated–unsaturated seepage theory, the soil–water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability coefficient prediction model are determined, and GEO-Studio finite element software is used to explore the changes of seepage field, stress field, displacement field, and stability coefficient of the slope under different rainfall conditions from the perspectives of seepage mechanics and rock mechanics, and to reveal the changes of unsaturated soil The mechanical response mechanism of unsaturated soil slopes in the process of dynamic seepage and the influence of seepage on the stability of slopes. The results show that: (1) the volumetric water content and saturation of the shallow soil will increase rapidly when the unsaturated soil slope is affected by rainfall, and the pore water pressure, maximum shear stress, and total displacement in the corresponding area will increase with the increase of rainfall time; (2) the stability of the slope is closely related to the rainfall time, and the longer the rainfall time, the lower the stability coefficient. At the same time, it provides theoretical support for the study of similar landslide mechanisms and prevention engineering.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available upon request.
References
Bai RQ, Lai YM, Pei WS, Zhang MY (2020) Investigation on frost heave of saturated–unsaturated soils. Acta Geotech 15:3295–3306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-00952-6
Biglari M, Ashayeri I, Gallipoli D, Moradpour S (2021) A unified small-strain shear stiffness model for saturated and unsaturated soils. Comput Geotech 136:104241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104241
Biniyaz A, Azmoon B, Liu Z (2021) Coupled transient saturated–unsaturated seepage and limit equilibrium analysis for slopes: influence of rapid water level changes. Acta Geotech 17:2139–2156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01359-7
Bordoni M, Messina C, Valentino R, Bittelli M, Chersich S (2015) Site-specific to local-scale shallow landslides triggering zones assessment using TRIGRS. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 15:1025–1050. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1025-2015
Brooks RH, Corey AT (1964) Hydraulic properties of porous media and their relation to drainage design. Trans ASAE 7:26–28. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.40684
Cai GQ, Zhao CG, Liu Y (2011) An indirect method to predict the relative permeability coefficient of unsaturated soil at different temperatures. Rock Soil Mech. 32:1405–1410. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2011.05.015
Chen ZY, Morgenstern NR (1983) Extensions to the generalized method of slices for stability analysis. Can Geotech J 20:104–119. https://doi.org/10.1139/t83-010
Chen YF, Yu H, Ma HZ, Li X, Hu R, Yang ZB (2020) Inverse modeling of saturated-unsaturated flow in site-scale fractured rocks using the continuum approach: a case study at Baihetan dam site Southwest China. J Hydrol 584:124693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124693
Chen WW, Jia QQ, Liu P, Tong YM (2021) Determining the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of remoulded loess with filter paper method and soil column seepage test. Environ Earth Sci 80:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-10100-2
Chen HY, Jiang GL, Zhao XH, Zhu D, Liu Y, Tian HC (2022) Seismic response evaluation of high-steep slopes supported by anti-slide piles with different initial damage based on shaking table test. Materials 15:3982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113982
Conte E, Troncone A (2018) A performance-based method for the design of drainage trenches used to stabilize slopes. Eng Geol 239:158–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.03.017
Dang MR, Chai JR, Xu ZG, Qin Y, Cao J, Liu FY (2019) Soil water characteristic curve test and saturated-unsaturated seepage analysis in Jiangcungou municipal solid waste landfill China. Eng Geol 264:105374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105374
Desai CS, Li GC (1983) A residual flow procedure and application for free surface flow in porous media. Adv Water Resour 6:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(83)90076-3
Duan XW, Gu ZJ, Li YG, Xu HJ (2016) The spatiotemporal patterns of rainfall erosivity in Yunnan Province, southwest China: an analysis of empirical orthogonal functions. Glob Planet Change 144:82–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.07.011
Fredlund DG, Rahardjo H (1993a) Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.01.004
Fredlund DG, **ng AQ (1994) Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve. Can Geotech J 31:521–532. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-061
Fredlund DG, Morgenstern NR, Widger RA (1978) The shear strength of unsaturated soils. Can Geotech J 15(3):313–321. https://doi.org/10.1139/t78-029
Fredlund DG, **ng AQ, Huang S (1994) Predicting the permeability function for unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve. Can Geotech J 31:533–546. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-062
Gan JKM, Fredlund DG, Rahardjo H (1988) Determination of the shear strength parameters of an unsaturated soil using the direct shear test. Can Geotech J 25:500–510. https://doi.org/10.1139/t88-055
Gribb MM, Kodesova R, Ordway SE (2004) Comparison of soil hydraulic property measurement methods. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130:1084–1095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2004)130:10(1084)
Griffiths DV, Fenton GA (2004) Probabilistic slope stability analysis by finite elements. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130:507–518. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2004)130:5(507)
Haque U, da Silva PF, Devoli G, Pilz J, Zhao B, Khaloua A, Wilopo W, Andersen P, Lu P, Lee J et al (2019) The human cost of global warming: deadly landslides and their triggers (1995–2014). Sci Total Environ 682:673–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.415
Ip Sabrina CY, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A (2020) Three-dimensional slope stability analysis incorporating unsaturated soil properties in Singapore. Georisk: Assess Manag Risk Eng Syst Geohazards 15(2):98–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2020.1737880
Jassam MG, Abdulrazzaq SS (2019) Theoretical analysis of seepage through homogeneous and non-homogeneous saturated-unsaturated soil. J Eng 25:52–67
Kang SH, Lee SR, Cho SE (2020) Slope stability analysis of unsaturated soil slopes based on the site-specific characteristics: a case study of Hwangryeong Mountain, Busan Korea. Sustainability 12:2839. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072839
Krisnanto S, Rahardjo H, Kartiko RD, Satyanaga A, Nugroho J, Mulyanto N, Santoso P, Hendiarto A, Pamuji DB, Rachma SN (2021) Characteristics of rainfall-induced slope instability at Cisokan Region, Indonesia. J Technol Eng Sci 53(5):861–882. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.5.4
Kunze RJ, Uehara G, Graham K (1968) Factors important in the calculation of hydraulic conductivity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 32:760–765. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1968.03615995003200060020x
Li JH, Lu Z, Guo LB, Zhang LM (2017) Experimental study on soil–water characteristic curve for silty clay with desiccation cracks. Eng Geol 218:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.01.004
Liu XW, Luo HL, Chen JS (2021) Permeability coefficient test and model and verification of unsaturated soil. J Nan-Chang Univ 43:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-0456.2021.01.001
Mao W, Yang JZ, Zhu Y, Ye M, Liu Z, Wu JW (2018) An efficient soil water balance model based on hybrid numerical and statistical methods. J Hydrol 559:721–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.074
Morgenstern NR, Price VE (1965) The analysis of the stability of general slip surfaces. Géotechnique 15:79–93. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1965.15.1.79
Mualem Y (1976) A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media. Water Resour Res 12:513–522. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr012i003p00513
Nourani V, Ojaghi A, Zhang Y (2022) Saturated and unsaturated seepage analysis of earth-fill dams using fractal hydraulic conductivity function and its verification. J Hydrol 612:128302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128302
Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Leong EC (2016) Effects of rainfall characteristics on the stability of tropical residual soil slope. E3S Web Conf. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3scon/20160915004
Rahimi A, Rahardjo H, Leong E-C (2010) Effect of hydraulic properties of soil on rainfall-induced slope failure. Eng Geol 114:135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.04.010
Saleh M, Vanapalli SK (2022) Analysis of excavation support systems considering the influence of saturated and unsaturated soil conditions. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 148:04022034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002788
Sato T, Yamada K, Masutani M, Saito H, Kohgo Y (2022) Accounting for temperature dependence in numerical analysis of elasto-plastic deformation of saturated and unsaturated Soils. J Irrig Eng Rural Plan 90:17–28. https://doi.org/10.11408/JSIDRE.90.I_17
Seboong O, Kim YK, Kim J-W (2015) A modified van genuchten-mualem model of hydraulic conductivity in Korean residual soils. Water 7:5487–5502. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7105487
Shao LT, Wen TD, Guo XX (2019) Direct measurement method and prediction formula for permeability coefficient of unsaturated soils. Chin J Geotech Eng 41:806–812. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201905002
Sun T, Sun DY, Wang XK, Ma Q, Gourbesville P, Nohara D (2022) Erratum to: Numerical analysis of landslide-generated debris flow on July 3, 2021, in Izu Mountain area, Shizuoka County Japan. J Mt Sci 19:2742–2742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7237-x
Technical Code for Building Slope Engineering (2014) (GB/20330-2013). China Construction Industry Press, Bei**g
Vahdani M, Hajitaheriha MM, Motlagh AH, Sadeghi H (2022) A modified two-surface plasticity model for saturated and unsaturated soils. Indian Geotech J 52:865–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-022-00601-7
Van Genuchten MT (1980) A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 44:892–898. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x
Wang SH, He J, Yang TJ (2018) Numerical analysis on stability of slope considering rainfall infiltration. J Northeast Univ 39:1196–1200. https://doi.org/10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2018.08.026
Wang CH, Li GX, Wang Z (2003) A brief review of indirect methods for determining the permeability coefficient of unsaturated soils. In: Proceedings of the 9th Academic Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering of the Chinese Society of Civil Engineering, 2003-10-01; Volume I, pp 362–365
Widodo LE, Cahyadi TA, Syihab Z, Notosiswoyo S, Iskandar I, Rustamaji HC (2018) Development of drain hole design optimization: a conceptual model for open pit mine slope drainage system with fractured media using a multi-stage genetic algorithm. Environ Earth Sci 77:721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7895-3
Yang H, Tang MG, Xu Q, Gong ZF, Fu XL, Alonso-Rodriguez A, Li HJ, Cao YJ (2019) Characteristics and hysteresis of saturated-unsaturated seepage of soil landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area China. Open Geosci 11:298–312. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0024
Zhai Q, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A (2017) Uncertainty in the estimation of hysteresis of soil–water characteristic curve. Environ Geotech 6:204–213
Zhai Q, Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Dai G-L, Du Y-J (2020) Effect of the uncertainty in soil-water characteristic curve on the estimated shear strength of unsaturated soil. J Zhejiang Univ A 21:317–330. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.a1900589
Zhang GR, Qian YJ, Wang ZC, Zhao B (2014) Analysis of rainfall infiltration law in unsaturated soil slope. Sci World J 2014:567250. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/567250
Zhong W, Zhang S, He N (2022) An experimental study on the dynamic evolution characteristics of soil arching and the rational spacing of anti-slide piles. Sustainability 14:8566. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148566
Zhou C, Tai P, Yin JH (2020) A bounding surface model for saturated and unsaturated soil-structure interfaces. Int J Numer Anal Methods Géoméch 44:2412–2429. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3123
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Author Contributions: conceptualization, Y.T. and L.L.; Methodology, Y.T.; Software, Y.T. and J.C. ; Validation, Y.T. and J.C; Formal analysis, Y.T.; Project admin-istration, Y.T., W.X. ( Wenxian **ang), and J.C.; Resources, Y.T. and W.X. ( Wenxian **ang).; Data collation, Y.T. and W.X. ( Wenxian **ang).; Writing- original draft, Y.T., W.X. , (Wanzhong Xu) and W.X. ( Wenxian **ang).; Writing reviews and editing, Y.T. , W.X. (Wanzhong Xu), J.T. and Y.G. ; Visualization, Y.T. , J.C. , J.T. and Y.G.; Supervision, Y.T. and W.X.( Wenxian **ang) ; Project management, Y.T.; Funding acquisition, not applicable. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tan, Yl., Cao, Jj., ** County, Yunnan Province, China. Environ Earth Sci 82, 322 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11006-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11006-x