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Nonreciprocal thermal metamaterials: Methods and applications

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Abstract

Nonreciprocity of thermal metamaterials has significant application prospects in isolation protection, unidirectional transmission, and energy harvesting. However, due to the inherent isotropic diffusion law of heat flow, it is extremely difficult to achieve nonreciprocity of heat transfer. This review presents the recent developments in thermal nonreciprocity and explores the fundamental theories, which underpin the design of nonreciprocal thermal metamaterials, i.e., the Onsager reciprocity theorem. Next, three methods for achieving nonreciprocal metamaterials in the thermal field are elucidated, namely, nonlinearity, spatiotemporal modulation, and angular momentum bias, and the applications of nonreciprocal thermal metamaterials are outlined. We also discuss nonreciprocal thermal radiation. Moreover, the potential applications of nonreciprocity to other Laplacian physical fields are discussed. Finally, the prospects for advancing nonreciprocal thermal metamaterials are highlighted, including developments in device design and manufacturing techniques and machine learning-assisted material design.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52325208), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 06500174), and National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFB3807401).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Advanced Material and Technology, University of Science and Technology Bei**g, Bei**g, 100083, China

    Zhengjiao Xu, Xueqian Wang, Yongliang Li & Yang Bai

  2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bei**g, Bei**g, 100083, China

    Chuanbao Liu

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Correspondence to Chuanbao Liu or Yang Bai.

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Yang Bai is an editorial board member for this journal and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Xu, Z., Liu, C., Wang, X. et al. Nonreciprocal thermal metamaterials: Methods and applications. Int J Miner Metall Mater 31, 1678–1693 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2811-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2811-6

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