Résumé
La relation entre l’exposition intra-utérine à des agents de l’environnement et la survenue de malformations congénitales a fait l’objet de nombreuses études avec des résultats parfois peu concluants. À ce jour, de nombreuses inconnues subsistent tant sur la proportion de malformations congénitales attribuables aux effets de l’environnement que sur la nature des substances susceptibles d’augmenter le risque de leur survenue. Cet article propose de réaliser un état des connaissances de cette question. Une fois les concepts de malformation, d’environnement, d’effets mutagènes et tératogènes définis, les sources actuelles d’informations utilisées pour les étudier sont recensées (registres de malformations, cohortes Pélagie, ELFE et Sépages, règlement REACH). L’accent est mis sur les critères reconnus comme conditionnant la validité des études qui visent à évaluer les associations, tels que pouvoir disposer d’une bonne définition et d’une bonne mesure des malformations étudiées et des expositions et coexpositions, ainsi que disposer de données biologiques. Un état des lieux est enfin dressé, qui concerne les facteurs physiques et chimiques les plus saillants en matière de risque reprotoxique avéré ou présumé: perturbateurs endocriniens, solvants, polluants atmosphériques, pesticides et champs électromagnétiques.
Abstract
The relationship between intrauterine exposure to environmental agents and the occurrence of congenital malformations has been the subject of numerous studies, leading to sometimes inconclusive results. To date, there are still many unknowns about the proportion of congenital malformations attributable to the effects of the environment and the nature of the substances likely to increase their occurrence. This article proposes to assess the current knowledge on this question. Once the concepts of “malformation”, “environment”, “mutagenic and teratogenic effects” have been defined, the article takes a census of the current sources of information used to study them (malformations registries, Pélagie cohorts, ELFE and Sépages cohorts, REACH regulation). An emphasis is placed on the criteria that are recognized as being decisive in the validation of studies aiming at evaluating these associations, such as using correct definitions, using an accurate measure of the malformations studied, as well as the exposure, co-exposure and biological data used. Finally, the article establishes an assessment of the most salient physical and chemical factors, in terms of known or suspected reprotoxic risk: endocrine disruptors, solvents, atmospheric pollutants, pesticides and electromagnetic fields.
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Amar, E. Malformations et facteurs environnementaux. Rev. med. perinat. 9, 73–80 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12611-017-0415-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12611-017-0415-y